**************************************************************************************** Downloaded form http://www.laynetworks.com : solutions@laynetworks.com Do visit the site for the tones of information for the programmers and the newbies Get your free 6 mb email account form www.laynetworks.com **************************************************************************************** 16-CAP Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation with 16 constellation points: The modulation technique used in the 51.84 Mb Mid-Range Physical Layer Specification for Category 3 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP-3). 3G 3G or 3rd generation mobile technology is the generic term used to describe the next generation of mobile telephony systems. 3G systems will expand mobile telephony capabilities include voice, text and data transmission over wireless networks. 4GL Fourth generation language. 64-CAP Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation with 64 constellation points. 88open A consortium with the aim of creating a multivendor open computing environment based on the Motorola 88000 RISC processor family A ATM Adapation Layer: The standards layer that allows multiple applications to have data converted to and from the ATM cell. A protocol used that translates higher layer services into the size and format of an ATM cell. AAL Connection Association established by the AAL between two or more next higher layer entities. AAL-1 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 1: AAL functions in support of constant bit rate, time-dependent traffic such as voice and video. AAL-2 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 2: This AAL is still undefined by the International Standards bodies. It is a placeholder for variable bit rate video transmission. AAL-3/4 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 3/4: AAL functions in support of variable bit rate, delay-tolerant data traffic requiring some sequencing and/or error detection support. Originally two AAL types, i.e. connection-oriented and connectionless, which have been combined. AAL-5 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 5: AAL functions in support of variable bit rate, delay-tolerant connection-oriented data traffic requiring minimal sequencing or error detection support. AAP The Association of American Publishers: engaged in standardisation efforts in document preparation. AAP DTD A DTD for a standard SGML document type for scientific documents, defined by the AAP ABI Application Binary Interface: the interface by which an application program gains access to operating system and other services, designed to permit porting of compiled binary applications between systems with the same ABI. ABR Available Bit Rate: ABR is an ATM layer service category for which the limiting ATM layer transfer characteristics provided by the network may change subsequent to connection establishment. A flow control mechanism is specified which supports several types of feedback to control the source rate in response to changing ATM layer transfer characteristics. It is expected that an end-system that adapts its traffic in accordance with the feedback will experience a low cell loss ratio and obtain a fair share of the available bandwidth according to a network specific allocation policy. Cell delay variation is not controlled in this service, although admitted cells are not delayed unnecessarily. Absolute pathname A pathname that tells you how to find a file by starting at the root directory and working down the directory tree. Abstract Class In object-oriented programming, a class designed only as a parent from which sub-classes may be derived, but which is not itself suitable for instantiation. Often used to "abstract out" incomplete sets of features, which may then be shared by a group of sibling sub-classes, which add different variations of the missing pieces. Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) The OSI language for describing abstract syntax, which is a description of data structures independent of machine orientation. Abstract Syntax Representation, revision #I (ASN.I)A description of a data structure that is independent of machine-oriented structures and encodings. ACA Application Control Architecture: DEC's implementation of ORB Access Control List (ACL) Defines the roles that are required to execute a method. Defines the user or group IDs of people who do (or do not) have explicit access to a file or directory. ACCOUNT An e-mail account is the arrangement you've made with an ISP or network administrator in which space is allocated on a server for your mail, and in which you're assigned the right to send and received e-mail. ACE Advanced Computing Environment: a consortium to agree on an open architecture based on the MIPS R4000 chip. A computer architecture ARCS will be defined, on which either OS/2 or Open Desktop can be run. ACE Adaptive Communication Environment, a C++ Wrapper Library for communications from the University of California at Irvine. ACL Agent Communication Language. ACL Asynchronous Connectionless Link, type of data packet (data only). ACL Access Control List. ACM Association for Computing Machinery. ACM Address Complete Message: A BISUP call control message from the receiving exchange to sending exchange indicating the completion of address information. ACR Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio: One of the factors that limits the distance a signal may be sent through a given media. ACR is the ratio of the power of the received signal, attenuated by the media, over the power of the NEXT crosstalk from the local transmitter, usually expressed in decibels (db). To achieve a desired bit error rate, the received signal power must usually be several times larger than the NEXT power or plus several db. Increasing a marginal ACR may decrease the bit error rate. ACR Allowed Cell Rate: An ABR service parameter, ACR is the current rate in cells/sec at which a source is allowed to send. Acrobat A platform-independent text and image formatter/viewer from Adobe Systems. Actis An approach to integrated CASE by Apollo. Active object An object that encompasses its own thread of control. Active DBMS A conventional or passive DBMS combined with a means of event detection and condition monitoring. Event handling is often rule-based, as with an expert system. ActiveX A software development kit from Microsoft for development of Internet applications and content. ACTIVEX A new programming standard proposed by Microsoft Corporation which would increase the functionality of webpages. Similar in nature to Java and Javascripts. Active timing This is defined as the portion of the Video Signal that carries the actual Video information. Surrounding this region, is the front porch and back porch. Actor In object-oriented programming, an object which exists as a concurrent process. Actor A term in Chorus denoting the unit of resource allocation. Actra A multiprocessor Smalltalk project. Actual Image Size The size of the display on the screen is dependent upon the timing signals provided by the video card. The displayable diagonal linear measurement can vary based on the graphic mode being generated and how the monitor responds to the characteristics of the signal. AD/Cycle (AD = Application Development): a set of SAA-compatible IBM-sponsored products for program development, running on workstations accessing a central repository on a mainframe. The stages cover requirements, analysis and design, production of the application, building and testing, and maintenance. Technologies used include code generators and knowledge based systems, as well as languages and debuggers. Ada A high-level computer language sponsored by the US Department of Defense. It has a multitasking mechanism, and a number of features useful for software engineering. AdaIC Ada Information Clearinghouse Adaline Name given by Widrow to ADAptive LInear NEurons, that is neurons (seeMcCulloch-Pitts), which learn using the Widrow-Huff Delta Rule (see also Madaline). ADAMO A data management system written at CERN based on the Entity-Relationship model. Adaptable User Interface A toolkit from Oracle allowing applications to be written portably for different windowing systems. It provides one call level interface along with a resource manager and editor across a range of "standard" GUIs, including Macintosh, Windows and the X Window System. Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) A way to reduce the bandwidth needed by digitized voice channels by half (to 32 Kb from 64 Kb). Adaptive learning Learning in which a system programs itself by adjusting weights or strengths until it produces the desired output. Same as Hebbian ADDD A Depository of Development Documents. A public domain Software Engineering Environment from GMD developed as part of the STONE project. Address In TCP/IP, an IP address is a 32-bit numeric identifier assigned to a node. The address has two parts, one for the network identifier and the other for the node identifier. All nodes on the same network must share the network address and have unique node address. For networks connected to the Internet, network addresses are assigned by the Internet Activities Board (IAB). Addresses also include IPX addresses -the internal network number and external network number-and the MAC (Media access Control) address assigned to each network card or device. Address The name you use to say who is supposed to receive an electronic-mail message. An electronic-mail address consists of the person's user name and , if the person is on a different computer than you are, the name of the computer. ADDRESS BOOK An address book is a file in which you can store the e-mail addresses of people to whom you frequently write. When you add a person to your address book, you'll typically enter the person's real name and his or her e-mail address. In some e-mail programs, as you type the person's real name in the recipient field of a new message, the program will automatically locate the person's real name and e-mail address and fill it in for you. Address Prefix A string of 0 or more bits up to a maximum of 152 bits that is the lead portion of one or more ATM addresses. Address Resolution Address Resolution is the procedure by which a client associates a LAN destination with the ATM address of another client or the BUS. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) An Ethernet protocol used to translate IP network addresses into Ethernet hardware addresses (also known as Media Access Control (MAC) addresses). Adjacency The relationship between two communicating neighboring peer nodes. Adjacent hosts Two hosts are adjacent if they have permanent ARP entries for each other. ADL Assertion (or API) Definition Language. A project for Automatic Interface Test Generation. Administrator In the context of Tivoli, a user who is authorized to perform some TME function. See also system administrator. Administrative Domain A collection of managed entities grouped for administrative reasons. ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation: A reduced bit rate variant of PCM audio encoding (see also PCM). This algorithm encodes the difference between an actual audio sample amplitude and a predicted amplitude and adapts the resolution based on recent differential values. ADT Abstract Data Type: a class of data structures described by means of a set of operations rather than by physical representation, such as a class in object-oriented programming.. ADTF ACR Decrease Time Factor: This is the time permitted between sending RM-cells before the rate is decreased to ICR (Initial Cell Rate). The ADTF range is .01 to 10.23 sec. with granularity of 10 ms. Advanced Development Environment (ADE) A toolkit for programmers to use in developing systems management applications in the TME. This requires knowledge of how the underlying object system works. Advance Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) A packet-switched network developed in the early 1970s. The "father" of today's Internet. ARPANET was decommissioned in June 1990. Advanced Technology Adapter (ATA) Another name for Integrated Disk Electronics (IDE). Aegis A CASE tool for project change management, part of the GNU software. AENOR Asociacion Espanola de Normalizacion y Certificacion. The Spanish standards organisation. AEP Application environment profile. AES Application environment specification: a set of specifications from OSF for programming and user interfaces, aimed at providing a consistent application environment on different hardware platforms. It includes O/S for the operating system (user commands and program interfaces), U/E for the User Environment (Motif), and N/S for Network services. AFI Authority and Format Identifier: This identifier is part of the network level address header. AFIPS American Federation of Information Processing Societies. AFNOR Association Francaise pour la Normalisation: the French national standards institute, a member of ISO. Aggregation Token A number assigned to an outside link by the border nodes at the ends of the outside link. The same number is associated with all uplinks and induced uplinks associated with the outside link. In the parent and all higher-level peer group, all uplinks with the same aggregation token are aggregated. Agent A piece of software running autonmously, usually helping a human being in pursuit of some knowledge-related goal. AGOCG Advisory Group on Computer Graphics. Advising UK Higher Education on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Multimedia. AGL Atelier de Genie Logiciel: French for IPSE. Agents In the client/server model, the part of the system that performs information preparation and exchange on behalf of a client or server application. AHFG ATM-attached Host Functional Group: The group of functions performed by an ATM-attached host that is participating in the MPOA service. AI Artificial Intelligence . Ai Signaling ID assigned by Exchange A. AIA Application Integration Architecture: DEC's "open standards" specifications. AICA Associazione Italiana di Calcolo Automatico. AIFF Audio IFF. A format developed by Apple for storing high-quality sampled sound and musical instrument info; also used by SGI and several professional audio packages. AIM ATM Inverse Multiplexer: A term discontinued because of conflict with an established product. Refer to AIMUX. AIMUX ATM Inverse Multiplexing: A device that allows multiple T1 or E1 communications facilities to be combined into a single broadband facility for the transmission of ATM cells. AIR Additive Increase Rate: An ABR service parameter, AIR controls the rate at which the cell transmission rate increases. It is signaled as AIRF, where AIRF = AIR*Nrm/PCR. AIRF Additive Increase Rate Factor: Refer to AIR. AIS Alarm Indication Signal: An all ones signal sent down or up stream by a device when it detects an error condition or receives an error condition or receives an error notification from another unit in the transmission path. AIS Advanced Informatics Support project for administrative work at CERN. AIX Advanced Interactive eXecutive: IBM's version of UNIX, taken as the basis for the OSF standard. Algol A high-level programming language developed in the 1950s . Algorithm A systematic procedure guaranteed to produce a result after a finite number of steps. Alias A pointer to one or more users or hosts, typically used for sending mail (in the case of users) or logging in remotely (in the case of hosts). See also group alias, host alias, individual alias. Alt key If your keyboard has an alt key, it is used as a shift key; it does nothing on its own. To use it, hold it down, press another key, and release it. To press alt-A, for example, hold the Alt key, press and release the A key, and release the Alt key.simple. Alternate Routing A mechanism that supports the use of a new path after an attempt to set up a connection along a previously selected path fails. Alvey A funding programme for collaborative research in the UK. AMADEUS A PC client for Hyper-G. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) The organization responsible for setting computer-related standards in the United States of America. American National Standards Institute (ASNI) A nonprofit organization responsible for the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code set, as well as numerous other voluntary standards. American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) The character set used by most American computers. Supersets of ASCII contain non-English characters. AMI Alternate Mark Inversion: A line coding format used on T1 facilities that transmits ones by alternate positive and negative pulses. Ami Applications of Metrics in Industry (Assess, Analyze, Metricate, Improve). A method for software project management and process improvement. Amoeba A distributed operating system developed by A.Tanenbaum and others at Amsterdam. AMS Andrew Message System. Analysis The part of the software development process concerned with defining the requirements for the product. Ancestor Node A logical group node that has a direct parent relationship to a given node (i.e., it is the parent of that node, or the parent's parent, ...). ANDF Architecture-Neutral Distribution Format: an emerging OSF standard for software distribution. Programs are compiled into ANDF before distribution, and executables are produced from it for the local target system. Andrew File System (AFS) A specific instance of a distributed file system (DFS), developed at Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU), allowing multiple file systems to be shared between organizations and treated, at the user interface level, as one giant file system. Andrew File System The distributed file system of the Andrew project, adopted by the OSF as part of their DCE. Andrew Message System A multimedia interface to electronic mail and bulletin boards, developed as part of the Andrew project Andrew Project A distributed system project for support of educational and research computing at Carnegie Mellon University. Andrew Toolkit A portable user interface toolkit developed as part of the Andrew project, running on the X Window System and distributed with X11R5. ANI Automatic Number Identification: A charge number parameter that is normally included in the Initial Address Message to the succeeding carrier for billing purposes. ANL Argonne National Laboratory, USA. ANM Answer Message: A BISUP call control message from the receiving exchange to the sending exchange indicating answer and that a through connection should be completed in both directions. Anna A specification language from Stanford University for formally specifying Ada programs. It has a Specification Analyzer and a Consistency Checking System. Annealing A technique which can be applied to any minimization or learning process based on successive update steps (either random or deterministic) where the update step length is proportional to an arbitrarily set parameter which can play the role of a temperature. Then, in analogy with the annealing of metals, the temperature is made high in the early stages of the process for faster minimization or learning, then is reduced for greater stability. Anonymous ftp Uses the ftp file transfer program and the internet to copy files from other computers to your own. It is anonymous because many computer systems allow anyone to log in and transfer files without having accounts(usernames) on the computer. You type anonymous as the user name and electronic-mail address as the password. ANSA Advanced Network Systems Architecture: an architecture for distributed computer systems based on a model developed as an Esprit project - . ANSI American National Standards Institute: A U.S. standards body. ANSI Z39.50 See Z39.50. ANSI/SPARC Architecture A layered model of database architecture comprising a physical schema, a conceptual schema, and user views. AnswerGarden A help desk software package from MIT. Anycast A one packet to one from a list of hosts; similar to a broadcast or multicast but the goal is to have exactly one response. See also broadcast, multicast, unicast. AOCE Apple Open Collaboration Environment. A set of software for e-mail, directory services etc. APA Application Portability Architecture: DEC's plan for portable applications software. apE A graphics package from the Ohio Supercomputer Centre . Apertos An object-oriented operating system from Sony Computer Science Laboratory. API Application Program Interface: API is a programmatic interface used for interprogram communications or for interfacing between protocol layers. API_connection Native ATM Application Program Interface Connection: API_connection is a relationship between an API_endpoint and other ATM devices that has the following characteristics: ? Data communication may occur between the API_endpoint and the other ATM devices comprising the API_connection ? Each API_connection may occur over a duration of time only once; the same set of communicating ATM devices may form a new connection after a prior connection is released ? The API_connection may be presently active (able to transfer data), or merely anticipated for the future APL A Programming Language developed by Iverson for mathematical applications. Apollo Apollo Computer, now a division of Hewlett-Packard, also the name of a range of workstations manufactured by this company. AppKit A set of objects used by the application builder for the NeXTstep environment. Apple Apple Computer Inc, manufacturers of the Macintosh range of Personal Computers. Appletalk The proprietary local area network protocol developed by Apple for their Macintosh range of processors. Current implementations exist on Localtalk and Ethertalk. AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP) Provides for the dynamic assignment of node identifiers to nodes within an AppleTalk network. Applet A small application, often downloaded from a remote server and run in a controlled environment. Typically written in a language such as Java for execution by a WWW browser. applet A Java program that is designed to be embedded in a Web page. APPLET The name given to a small binary file which is executed on your computer as part of a Web Page loading. Applets are created by JAVA. Applets should not be confused with pages which have JAVASCRIPT in them. Application A program that really gets some work done. Some programs just organize the computer, get its parts talking to each other, and do other housekeeping chores. Application programs do real-world work, like word processing or accounting. Application Layer The layer of the OSI model that interfaces with user mode applications by providing high-level network services based upon lower-level network layers. Network file systems like named pipes are an example of Application layer software. See Named Pipes, Open Systems Interconnection. Application Programmer Interface (API) A programming specification that allows an application programmer to interface to an application or suite of applications. Application Program Interface (API) A Set of routines that an application program uses to request and carry out lower-layer services performed by the operation system. Application Extension Facility (AEF) A tool kit for systems administrators to use in customizing a TME application to specific needs. This does not require any knowledge of how the underlying object system works. APPN Advanced Peer to Peer Network: IBM network architecture for building dynamic routing across arbitrary network topologies. Intended as an eventual replacement for SNA, IBM's static routed, hierarchical network architecture. APSE Ada Programming Support Environment. ARC (Previously ARCS) Advanced RISC Computing Specification: the standard hardware architecture of ACE., specifying the baseline hardware requirements to create ACE-compatible systems. Arcadia A software engineering research project by a consortium of US universities. Archie A program that helps Internet users find files. Participating Internet host computers download a listing of their files to Archive servers, which index these files. Users can then search this index and transfer these files using FTP. Archie functions as an archive utility, hence its name. Archie An archive server database and query system operated by the McGill University School of Computer Science. Services remote requests for information on software kept on archives worldwide and available via ftp. ARCHIVE (1) A term used to describe a server containing a large amount of publicily accessible software. (2) A term used to describe a file which contains one or more files that have been compressed and stored. ARCS see ARC. ARE All Routes Explorer: A specific frame initiated by a source which is sent on all possible routes in Source Route Bridging. Argument something that appears on the command line after the command.Suppose that you type this line. cp old.file new.file In this command, cp is the name of the command or program, old.file is the first argument, and new.file is the second argument. arguments A parameter that is passed to a function when it is called. Arguments are specified within parentheses in the function call. Arjuna A system for reliable distributed computing from the Computing Laboratory, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. It supports atomic transactions on persistent objects. ARL ASSET Reuse Library. ARL Association of Research Libraries (North America). ARP Address Resolution Protocol: The procedures and messages in a communications protocol which determines which physical network address (MAC) corresponds to the IP address in the packet. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) IP address to hardware address translation protocol. ARPANET U.S. Department of Defense (DARPA) wide area network. It became operational in 1968 and was the forerunner of the Internet. ARPANET ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECT AGENCY NETWORK array A set of variables that can be referred to with the same name and a number, called an index. Article The base component of USENET news; a group of text written and posted to a network news group. Artifex A CASE environment from ARTIS of Turin for the development of large event-driven distributed systems. It has code-generation and rapid prototyping features. Artificial Intelligence The subfield of computer science concerned with the concepts and methods of symbolic inference by computer, and the symbolic representation of the knowledge to be used in making inferences. ASCII AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE ASCII American Standard Code For Information Interchange. ASCII defines the codes the computer uses internally to store letters, numbers punctuation, and some control codes. Almost all Unix computers use ASCII(except some mainframes). ASDL Abstract-Type and Scheme-Definition Language: developed as part of Esprit project GRASPIN, as a basis for generating language-based editors and environments. It combines an object-oriented type system, syntax-directed translation schemes and a target-language interface. ASE Advanced Software Environment: an object-oriented application support system from Nixdorf. ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit: an integrated circuit designed to perform a particular function by defining the interconnection of a set of basic circuit building blocks drawn from a library provided by the circuit manufacturer. ASIS Ada Semantic Interface Specification. An interface between an Ada library and any tool requiring information in it. ASIS Application Software Installation Server at CERN. ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers: involved in CAD standardisation. ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation 1: an ISO/CCITT standard for the description of data. It is intended to facilitate the exchange of data between application programs. ASP ASP stands for Active Server Pages. This is another form of programming that is only available on servers that run NT for their Operating System. ASP Abstract Service Primitive: An implementation-independent description of an interaction between a service-user and a service-provider at a particular service boundary, as defined by Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). ASPECT An IPSE developed by an Alvey project, using Z to specify the object-management system and tool interface. Aspect Ratio The ratio of height to width. Typical aspect ratio for a monitor is 4:3 or 1.33. Ex.: 640 / 480 = 1.33. ASQ Automated Software Quality. The use of software tools, such as automated testing tools, to improve software quality. ASQC American Society for Quality Control. ASSET Asset Source for Software Engineering Technology. A programme to promote software reuse by the DoD. Assigned Cell Cell that provides a service to an upper layer entity or ATM Layer Management entity (ATMM-entity). Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) An asymmetric high-speed digital network connection, usually between a home or small business and a telecommunications vendor, providing an always-up direct connection to an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The upstream (from the user to the ISP) and downstream (from the ISP to the user) speeds are dissimilar, and usually the latter is faster than the former. See also Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL). Asynchronous Data Transmission A type of communication that sends data using flow control rather than a clock to Synchronize data between the source and destination. Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing A multiplexing technique in which a transmission capability is organized in a priori unassigned time slots. The time slots are assigned to cells upon request of each application's instantaneous real need. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) A standardized format for cell relay, with 53-byte cells including a five byte header and 48 bytes of data. Also, the layer in the protocol stack that translates the cells to the physical media. AT-commands: Set of protocols that allow mobile phones and modems to be controlled. AtFS Attributed File System: the basis of the Shape_VC toolkit. A status model controlling visibility of version objects, locking, and "long transactions" for synchronizing concurrent updates supports cooperative work within projects. The concept of object attributes provides a basis for storing management information with versions and passing this information between individual tools. This mechanism is useful for building integrated environments from a set of unrelated tools. Athena Project Athena: a distributed system project for support of educational and research computing at MIT. Much of the software developed is now in wider use, especially the X Window System. Atherton Atherton Technology developed the Software BackPlane CASE framework. Their Atherton Tool Integration Services were the basis for the ATIS standard. ATIS A Tools Integration Standard: an object-oriented interface to a set of services that allows the saving, accessing, and managing of information in a common repository. Developed by Atherton Technology and DEC, based on an extended version of the Software BackPlane, now proposed as an industry standard. ATK The Andrew Toolkit ATM Adobe Type Manager. ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode: A transfer mode in which the information is organized into cells. It is asynchronous in the sense that the recurrence of cells containing information from an individual user is not necessarily periodic. ATM Adaptation Layer The layer in the ATM protocols that represents layers four through seven in the OSI seven layer protocol stack. The protocol that turns packets into cells. ATM Address Defined in the UNI Specification as 3 formats, each having 20 bytes in length including country, area and end-system identifiers. ATM Forum A group of organizations responsible for determining the ATM standards and its progress within the industry. ATM Layer Link A section of an ATM Layer connection between two adjacent active ATM Layer entities (ATM-entities). ATM Link A virtual path link (VPL) or a virtual channel link (VCL). ATM Peer-to-Peer Connection A virtual channel connection (VCC) or a virtual path connection (VPC). ATM Traffic Descriptor A generic list of traffic parameters that can be used to capture the intrinsic traffic characteristics of a requested ATM connection. ATM User-User Connection An association established by the ATM Layer to support communication between two or more ATM service users (i.e., between two or more next higher entities or between two or more ATM-entities). The communications over an ATM Layer connection may be either bidirectional or unidirectional. The same Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) issued for both directions of a connection at an interface. ATS Abstract Test Suite: A set of abstract test cases for testing a particular protocol. An "executable" test suite may be derived from an abstract test suite. Attachment A file included as part of a MIME-compliant or NeXTMail message. An attachment can be sound, graphics, a document file (with text, formatting, and/or graphics), motion pictures, and so on. ATTACHMENT - An attachment is a file that accompanies an e-mail message. While a message is always comprised of text characters, an attachment can be any type of file. Attenuation The process of the reduction of the power of a signal as it passes through most media. Usually proportional to distance, attenuation is sometimes the factor that limits the distance a signal may be transmitted through a media before it can no longer be received. Audit trail A file or database that contains a list of changes made to a specific file. The information includes the name of the file, the date and time of the change, the person making the change, and the text of the change itself. AUIS Andrew user Interface System. Authentication Verification of the identity of a principal. Authoritative A DNS server with all the records for a given domain. (Note that the authorization may not have been granted or delegated to the DNS server.) Authority The group responsible for administering a DNS domain. Authorization Verification that a principal has sufficient privilege to perform some specific operation. AutoCAD A CAD software package for mechanical engineering marketed by AutoDesk Inc. Automatic Ring Down (ARD) A dedicated point-to-point voice facility between two offices of a trading facility. When the sender picks up the telephone handset, automatically ring the receiver's end for direct connections, without the need to dial. Autonomous System Internet TCP/IP terminology for a collection of gateway (routers) that fall under one administrative entity and cooperate using common Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP). AUTORESPONDER Not surprisingly, an Autoresponder automatically responds to anyone that sends mail to it. These are used for a few things, including vacation notices and easy dissemination of information. If you had a vacation autoresponder for instance, you could turn it on when you leave, and anyone that sends mail to your address while you're gone will get an immediate response stating that you are out of town. Businesses use Autoresponders for getting sale information, new product announcements, e-mail brochures and more out to interested customers. AVL Abstract Visualization Language in the Tecate project. AVS Application Visualisation System: a portable modular UNIX-based graphics package supported by a consortium of vendors including Convex, DEC, IBM, HP, SET Technologies, Stardent and WaveTracer - . AWK A pattern scanning and processing language named after its authors: Aho, Weinberger and Kernighan. aXe A text editor for the X-Window-System. B B A Formal method of program design. Bachman Proposed a style of Entity-Relationship modeling which differs from the original Chen proposals. back door A usually hidden or secret means for an external user to break into your host, network, application, or data. See also virus backup A copy of disk files stored on tape or on another physical disk to prevent permanent data loss. The act of copying disk files to tape or other distinct physical media to prevent permanent data loss. Backup Domain Controller (BDC) The server that contains a backup copy of the account database from the Primary Domain Controller (PDC). Used for authentication purposes. background Unix can run many programs at the same time. If a program runs behind the scenes, with no interaction with you, it runs in the background. Back-propagation An important algorithm for learning in feed-forward networks which makes use of a mathematical trick when the network is simulated on a digital computer, yielding in just two traversals of the network (once forward, and once back) both the difference between the desired and actual output, and the derivatives of this difference with respect to the connection weights. backslash(\). Unix uses a backslash to set off otherwise special characters. In the UNIX shell for example, \* is a literal asterisk (a plain * matches every file in the current directory); \\ is an actual backslash, if you want one for some reason. DOS users tend to type backslashes by mistake when Unix would rather see a regular slash(/). backup A spare copy of your data to keep on the shelf just in case. If you(or a co-worker)delete a file by mistake or if parts of your computer break, you will be inexpressibly happy and smug if you have recently made a backup copy of your important files. Copying files back from your backup is called restoring. Backus Naur A formal language for syntax specification. Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) A bit in the Frame Relay header that is set when the network router detects congestion from the source direction (or "backward," from the packet's point of view). See also Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) Bamboo A trusted third-party authentication system from the University of Iowa, similar to Kerberos BANDWIDTH Usually measured in bits-per-second, it is the amount of stuff you can send through a connection. A full page of English text is about 16,000 bits. A fast modem can move about 15,000 bits in one second. Full-motion full-screen video would require roughly 10,000,000 bits per second, depending on compression. Internet Servers are connected to the Internet backbone on a high-speed data link usually on a T-3, T-1 or an ISDN speed links. A T-3 link can transfer 44.736 M-bits/sec, T-1 can handle 1.5 M bits/sec, while ISDN can only transmit information at a rate of 128 K bits per second. Pugmarks' Servers are linked on high speed T-3 multiple gateway links capable of handling over 10 million hits per day. Bandwidth This is a qualitative term used to describe the monitor's Video amplifier potential performance. The higher the pixel rate (or format number), the higher the Bandwidth required of the Video Amplifier. Bandwidth In network communication, the amount of data that can be sent across a wire in a given time. Each communication that passes along the wire decreases the amount of available bandwidth. bang(!) In Unix-ese, an exclamation point.The C shell command !!, which repeats the last command, for example, is pronounced "Bang!Bang!" Try this with your children they will love it. Barrel An outward bowing of the picture. Baseband Part of the Bluetooth Protocol stack, enabling the physical radio frequency link between Bluetooth units on a piconet. Baseline See Released version BASIC Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code: a programming language, usually interpreted, suitable for simple applications. Basic Object Adapter (BOA) Invokes the performance of a request and returns any results to the client. Also called simply adapter. Batch Program An ASCII file that contains one or more Windows NT commands. A batch program's filename typically has a .bat or .cmd extension. When you type the filename at the command prompt, the commands are processed sequentially. BAUD BAUD - A term used to refer to the transmission speed of a modem. The higher the value, the faster the modem. The value is usually measured in Bits Per Second. BBC Broadband Bearer Capability: A bearer class field that is part of the initial address message. BBN Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.,of Cambridge, Massachusetts, was awarded the original contract to build the ARPANET and has been extensively involved in Internet development. It is responsible for managing NNSC, CSNET, and NEARnet. BCC BCC - "bcc" is an abbreviation for "blind carbon copy," a feature offered by many e-mail programs. When you send a someone a blind carbon copy of a message, his or her name does not appear among the recipients listed in the message's header. As a result, you can send someone a copy of a message without letting its other recipients see that you've done so. To send someone a blind carbon copy, enter his or her address in your e-mail program's bcc: field. BCD Binary Coded Decimal: A form of coding of each octet within a cell where each bit has one of two allowable states, 1 or 0. B-channel The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) channel that carries voice and user data. BCOB Broadband Connection Oriented Bearer: Information in the SETUP message that indicates the type of service requested by the calling user. BCOB-A Bearer Class A: Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for connection-oriented, constant bit rate service. The network may perform internetworking based on AAL information element (IE). BCOB-C Bearer Class C: Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for connection-oriented, variable bit rate service. The network may perform internetworking based on AAL information element (IE). BCOB-X Bearer Class X: Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for ATM transport service where AAL, traffic type and timing requirements are transparent to the network. BCS Binary Compatibility Standard: the ABI of 88open BCS British Computer Society. BDC See Backup Domain Controller (BDC) BEA Basic programming Environment for interactive-graphical Applications, from Siemens-Nixdorf. bearer channel See B-channel BECN See Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) BECN Backward Explicit Congestion Notification: A Resource Management (RM) cell type generated by the network or the destination, indicating congestion or approaching congestion for traffic flowing in the direction opposite that of the BECN cell. Bedrock A C++ class library for Macintosh user interface portability. Benchmark A standard set of programs which can be run on different platforms to compare performance. Bento A multi-vendor initiative allowing files to contain typed parts, to allow standard access between parts of a compound document independent of the file system. BER Bit Error Rate: A measure of transmission quality. It is generally shown as a negative exponent, (e.g., 10-7 which means 1 out of 107 bits are in error or 1 out of 10,000,000 bits are in error). Berkeley Internet Name Daemon (BIND) An implementation of the DNS protocol. Internet name service software, originally written at the University of California at Berkeley and now maintained by the Internet Software Consortium. Distribution includes /usr/sbin/named and sample configuration files. Berkeley UNIX see BSD. BETA An object-oriented language and associated programming environment from Mjolner Informatics, Aarhus BGP See Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). BHLI Broadband High Layer Information: This is a Q.2931 information element that identifies an application (or session layer protocol of an application). BHT Budget Holder's Toolkit (at CERN ) Bi Signaling ID assigned by Exchange B. B-ICI B-ISDN Inter-Carrier Interface: An ATM Forum defined specification for the interface between public ATM networks to support user services across multiple public carriers. B-ICI SAAL B-ICI Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer: A signaling layer that permits the transfer of connection control signaling and ensures reliable delivery of the protocol message. The SAAL is divided into a Service Specific part and a Common part (AAL5). big six The top level domains (TLD other than .int. bin A directory that contains programs. Your home directory probably has a subdirectory named bin. The system has directories called /bin and /usr/bin. Binary The numbering systems used in computers memory and in digital communication. All characters are represented as a series of 1s and 0s. For example, the letter A might be represented as 01000001. BIND See Berkeley Internet Name Daemon (BIND) Binding A process that establishes the initial communication channel between the protocol driver and the network adapter card driver. binding A logical connection between a client process and a server process. BIP Bit Interleaved Parity: A method used at the PHY layer to monitor the error performance of the link. A check bit or word is sent in the link overhead covering the previous block or frame. Bit errors in the payload will be detected and may be reported as maintenance information. BIS Border Intermediate System. B-ISDN Broadband ISDN: A high-speed network standard (above 1.544 Mbps) that evolved Narrowband ISDN with existing and new services with voice, data and video in the same network. BISUP Broadband ISDN User's Part: A SS7 protocol which defines the signaling messages to control connections and services. bit A tiny piece of information that can be either a 1 or 0. Bits tend to get lumped onto groups of 8 bits called bytes. BITNET An academic and research network connecting approximately 2500 computers, often IBM mainframes. It provides interactive electronic mail, and file transfer services via a store-and-forward technique based on IBM NJE protocols. BITNET and Internet traffic are exchanged via several gateway hosts. It is now operated by CREN. Bits In binary data, each unit of data is a bit. Each bit is represented by either 0 or 1, and is stored in memory as an ON or OFF state. B-LLI Broadband Low Layer Information: This is a Q.2931 information element that identifies a layer 2 and a layer 3 protocol used by the application. block A unit of disk space containing one or more frags. See frag . Bluetooth SIG: Bluetooth Special Interest Group. Founded in May 1998 by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba, the Bluetooth SIG is a forum for the development, promotion and enhancement of Bluetooth technology. The Bluetooth SIG, now led by the Promoter Group (composed of the founding members plus Lucent, Motorola, Microsoft and 3Com) now has some 2000 adopter members. BMP Bitmap format (for Windows ) BN Bridge Number: A locally administered bridge ID used in Source Route Bridging to uniquely identify a route between two LANs. BN BECN Cell: A Resource Management (RM) cell type indicator. A Backwards Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) RM-cell may be generated by the network or the destination. To do so, BN=1 is set, to indicate the cell is not source-generated, and DIR=1 to indicate the backward flow. Source generated RM-cells are initialized with BN=0. BNF Backus-Naur Form. BOA See Basic Object Adapter (BOA) . BOCS Berard Object and Class Specifier, an Object-oriented CASE tool from Berard Software Engineering. Boehm B. Proposed the COCOMO technique for evaluating the cost of a software project. BOM Beginning of Message: An indicator contained in the first cell of an ATM segmented packet. BOOTP See Boot Protocol (BOOTP) Boot Protocol (BOOTP) The protocol that defines how a diskless workstation obtains its network address from another host. NeXT workstations also use BOOTP when booted to determine their NetInfo information. Defined in RFC 951 and extended by RFC 2132. See also Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). BoM Bill of Materials. BON Better Object Notation. Used in the Esprit Business Classes project Bookreader DEC's CD-ROM-based online documentation browser. Bookviewer A hypertext documentation system from Oracle based on Oracle Toolkit. It allows the user to create private links and bookmarks, and to make multimedia annotations. Boolean A type of variable that can store only two values: true and false. Boot Partition The volume, formatted for either an NTFS, FAT, of HPFS file system, that contains the Windows NT operating system's files. Windows NT automatically creates the correct configuration and checks this information whenever you start your system. BOOM Berard Object-Oriented Methodology - . Border Node A logical node that is in a specified peer group, and has at least one link that crosses the peer group boundary. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) A protocol, defined in RFC 1163 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1163.txt and later refined in RFC 1771 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1771.txt, that allows the exchange of packets between networks, such as a company intranet and the Internet. BOS A data management system written at DESY and used in some HEP programs. Bourne Shell The Bourne shell is the most widely used Unix shell.It prompts you with $.Its program name is sh. Bourne shell A common UNIX shell BPDU Bridge Protocol Data Unit: A message type used by bridges to exchange management and control information. BPM Business Process Modelling. BPP Bridge Port Pair (Source Routing Descriptor): Frame header information identifying a bridge/LAN pair of a Source route segment. BPR Business Process Reengineering. break Key The Break Key is used before you log in when you are dialing on a modem to tell Unix that it has guessed wrong about which kind of modem you're using.You may have to press Break two or three times until you get a proper login: message. Some keyboards have a key labeled break. If yours does'nt and you're using a PC with a modem program, try Alt-B or check your modem program's help screen. Bridge A device that connects two segments of a network and data to one of the other based on a set of criteria. bridge Networking hardware that connects two network segments into one logical segment. bridge Networking hardware that connects two network segments into one logical segment. Brightness Light output measured at the face plate of the CRT; typically measured in foot lamberts (Fl). A minimum brightness level of 20Fl when viewing at full page size is considered acceptable. Broadband A service or system requiring transmission channels capable of supporting rates greater than the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) primary rate. Broadband Access An ISDN access capable of supporting one or more broadband services. Broadcast Data transmission to all addresses or functions. broadcast One host broadcasts when it wants every machine (typically on a LAN) to receive the packet or information. See also anycast, multicast , unicast . Browser A tool for navigating around hypertext documents. Browser In order to be able to access the Web, you first need to be able to access the internet. You then need software which will let you look at all of the information available on the Web. This is often referred to as browsing and the software that lets you do this is called a browser. In the Math Department, the currently preferred browser on the UNIX machines and Macs is called Netscape, version 2.0. Browser A computer on a Microsoft network that maintains a list of computers and services available on the network Browsing The process of requesting the list of computers and services on a network from a browser. BSD Berkeley Source Distribution: the versions of UNIX developed and distributed by the University of California at Berkeley. Many commercial UNIX implementations such as SunOS and Dynix are derived from it. BSD Unix A version of Unix developed and distributed by the University Of California at Berkeley. BSD stands for Berkely Software Distribution. BSI British Standards Institution: a member of ISO. BSP method A CASE method from IBM . BT Burst Tolerance: BT applies to ATM connections supporting VBR services and is the limit parameter of the GCRA. Btag Beginning Tag: A one octet field of the CPCS_PDU used in conjunction with the Etag octet to form an association between the beginning of message and end of message. B-TE Broadband Terminal Equipment: An equipment category for B-ISDN which includes terminal adapters and terminals. buffer A small storage area in which information is stored temporarily until it is needed. Lots of things have buffers; printers frequently have buffers to store the next few lines or pages to print; emacs(a text editor)refers to its copies of the files you are editing as buffers. Buffers A reserved portion of memory in which data is temporarily held pending an opportunity to complete its transfer or from a storage device or another location in memory. BUS Broadcast and Unknown Server: This server handles data sent by an LE Client to the broadcast MAC address ('FFFFFFFFFFFF'), all multicast traffic, and initial unicast frames which are sent by a LAN Emulation Client. BW Bandwidth: A numerical measurement of throughput of a system or network. Byte A data unit of several bits smaller than a computer word: usually 8 bits. byte Eight bits in a row. That is a series of eight pieces of information, each of which can be either 1 or 0. A little higher math tells you that there are 256 different combinations of eight 1s and 0s.(256 is 2 to the 8th power.)There are therefore 256 different values for a byte of information. Most computers use a system of codes called ASCII to determine what each pattern means. The combination 01000001 means A, 01000010 means B, and 00001010 means "end of the line, start a new one." C C++ An extension to the language developed primarily by B.Stroustrup at AT&T Bell Laboratories: it supports object-oriented programming among other enhancements C - A programming language used to code server based applications. C A language developed in conjunction with the UNIX operating system at AT&T Bell Laboratories by D.Ritchie and now an ANSI standard. It has grown popular due to its simplicity, efficiency, and flexibility. C programs are often easily adapted to new environments. C A programming language invented at the same time as Unix, and in which nearly all Unix programs are written. C is a great programming language for a lots of reasons. C programs look a lot like random punctuation strewn across the page. Luckily, you do not have to know or use C to use Unix, so we don't talk about it anywhere else. c shell A common UNIX shell originating on Berkeley UNIX. C Shell The C shell is a Unix shell written to look like the C programming language, sort of. It prompts you with %. Its program name is csh. Cache A small fast memory holding recently-accessed data, designed to speed up further access. CACI A company marketing SIMSCRIPT, and other simulation software products. CACM Communications of the ACM. CAC Connection Admission Control: Connection Admission Control is defined as the set of actions taken by the network during the call set- up phase (or during call re-negotiation phase) in order to determine whether a connection request can be accepted or should be rejected (or whether a request for re-allocation can be accommodated). CAD/CAM Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing (see CAD) CAD Computer Aided Design: usually applied to that part of CAE which has to do with the drawing or physical layout steps of engineering design. CADD Computer Aided Detector Design: a project to develop standards and methods to allow cooperation between HEP detector designers working in different institutes CADRE A software engineering vendor in the US. CAE Common Applications Environment of X/Open , based on POSIX and C CAE Computer Aided Engineering: a technique for using computers to help with all phases of engineering design work. As CAD , but also involving the conceptual and analytical design steps. CAI Computer Aided Instruction. CAIS-A Common APSE Interface Set: DoD-STD-1838A. CAIS Common APSE Interface Specification. CAiSE Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering. CAJUN CD-ROM Acrobat Journals Using Networks. A project at Nottigham University Call A call is an association between two or more users or between a user and a network entity that is established by the use of network capabilities. This association may have zero or more connections. callback A process for invoking a method or a desktop command , or for using the gadget library in an application; the means by which dialogs and gadgets respond to user input. For example, when an administrator makes a selection with the mouse, some action is initiated from the user interface to an underlying object representing some system resource or component; that is, the user interface "calls back" to the object to invoke some method or series of methods. call data record (CDR) Information logged by the private branch exchange (PBX) that tracks who made or received calls from whom, the duration of the call, and other information. CDR is used to bill back telecommunications charges to the appropriate parties. CALS Computer-Aided Acquisition and Logistics Support: a DoD standard for electronic exchange of data with commercial suppliers CAMEL: Customized Application for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic is a feature of GSM that allows users to roam between networks. CAMEL is a standard that is now starting to be deployed. Caml A functional programming language in the style of ML CApH Conventions for the Application of HyTime. An activity of the GCA CAQ Computer Aided Quality. CARDS Central Archive for Reusable Defense Software of the DoD. Carrier Sense, Multiple Access with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) Different devices on a network may try to communicate at any one time, so access methods need to be established. Using the CSMA/CDcd access method, a device first checks that the cable is free from other carriers and then transmits, while continuing to monitor the presence of another carrier. If a collision is detected, the device stops transmitting and tries later. In a CSMA network with collision detection, all stations have the ability to sense traffic on the network. Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU) The source of a number of widely used computer programs. Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Multiple machines sharing a network and talking at the same time cause collisions. When the collisions are detected, both machines stop sending, wait a random amount of time, and then try to transmit again. CAS See Channel Associated Signalling (CAS) CAS Channel Associated Signaling: A form of circuit state signaling in which the circuit state is indicated by one or more bits of signaling status sent repetitively and associated with that specific circuit. cascaded operation An operation in which the first object, originally acting as a server for a client, now becomes a client of a second object on a remote machine, and so on. CASE*Method An analysis and design method from Oracle, targeted at information management applications. CASE framework A set of products and conventions that allow CASE tools to be integrated into a coherent environment. CASE tools Software tools to help in the application of CASE methods to a software project. CASE Computer Aided Software Engineering: a technique for using computers to help with the systematic analysis, design, implementation and maintenance of software. Adopting the CASE approach to building and maintaining systems involves software tools and training for the developers who will use them CASSAM Computer Aided Software Support and Maintenance. CAST Computer Aided Software Testing. CATE Computer Aided Test Engineering: CASE methods applied to electronics testing and linked to CAE CAUSE An international (mainly North American) nonprofit association for managing and using information technology in higher education - . gopher://cause-gopher.colorado.edu/ cb C Beautifier C Beautifier A tool for tidying the syntax of source code. CBDS Connectionless Broadband Data Service: A connectionless service similar to Bellcore's SMDS defined by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). CBR Constant Bit Rate: An ATM service category which supports a constant or guaranteed rate to transport services such as video or voice as well as circuit emulation which requires rigorous timing control and performance parameters. CBT Computer-Based Training. CC - "cc" is an abbreviation of "carbon copy," in reference to the traditional means of sending a secondary copy of a letter to an additional recipient through the use of carbon paper. Your e-mail program allowS you to send copies of a message to secondary recipients by entering their addresses in a cc: field. CCI Common Client Interface for Mosaic CCITT A committee of the ITU responsible for making technical recommendations about telephone and data communication systems for PTTs and suppliers. Plenary sessions are held every four years to adopt new standards. CCITT See International Telecommunications Union (ITU). CCL Common Command Language. A standard for bibliographic information retrieval systems. CCMS See Change and Configuration Management Service (CCMS). CC/PP Composite Capability/Preferences Profiles is a set of CPIs. CCQ Client Capabilities Query. CCR Current Cell Rate: The Current Cell Rate is an RM-cell field set by the source to its current ACR when it generates a forward RM-cell. This field may be used to facilitate the calculation of ER, and may not be changed by network elements. CCR is formatted as a rate. CCS Common Channel Signaling: A form signaling in which a group of circuits share a signaling channel. Refer to SS7. CCS See Common Channel Signalling (CCS) . CCS Common Communication Services: the standard program interface to networks in SAA . CDA Compound Document Architecture: DEC's set of standards for compound document creation, storage, retrieval, interchange and manipulation. CDC Control Data Corporation CDDI See Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) CDD/Plus DEC's CASE repository CDE C Development environment from IDE CDE Common Desktop Environment. A Desktop manager from COSE CDE See Common Desktop Environment (CDE) CDF Common Data Format. A library and toolkit for multi-dimensional data sets CDF Cutoff Decrease Factor: CDF controls the decrease in ACR (Allowed Cell Rate) associated with CRM. CDIF CASE Data Interchange Format: an emerging standard.for interchange of data between CASE tools CDM Content Data Model. An SGML -based DoD specification for interactive manuals. CDP: Cellular Digital Packet data. CDR See call data record (CDR) CD-ROM A computer disk that looks just like a music CD but contains data rather than music. CD-ROM Compact Disk-Read Only Memory: Used by a computer to store large amounts of data. Commonly used for interactive video games. CDV Cell Delay Variation: CDV is a component of cell transfer delay, induced by buffering and cell scheduling. Peak-to-peak CDV is a QoS delay parameter associated with CBR and VBR services. The peak-to- peak CDV is the ((1-a) quantile of the CTD) minus the fixed CTD that could be experienced by any delivered cell on a connection during the entire connection holding time. The parameter "a" is the probability of a cell arriving late. See CDVT. CDVT Cell Delay Variation Tolerance-ATM layer functions may alter the traffic characteristics of ATM connections by introducing Cell Delay Variation. When cells from two or more ATM connections are multiplexed, cells of a given ATM connection may be delayed while cells of another ATM connection are being inserted at the output of the multiplexer. Similarly, some cells may be delayed while physical layer overhead or OAM cells are inserted. Consequently, some ran domness may affect the inter-arrival time between consecutive cells of a connection as monitored at the UNI. The upper bound on the "clumping" measure is the CDVT. CE Connection Endpoint: A terminator at one end of a layer connection within a SAP. CE Concurrent Engineering. CEBAF Continuous Electron Beam Facility in Newport News, VA USA - . Cecil An object-oriented language from Washington University intended to support rapid construction of high-quality, extensible software - . CEI Connection Endpoint Identifier: Identifier of a CE that can be used to identify the connection at a SAP. Cell A unit of transmission in ATM. A fixed-size frame consisting of a 5-octet header and a 48-octet payload. cell A 53-byte chunk of data with embedded routing information. The first five bytes are header and the last 48 bytes are the payload or data. Cell Broadcast: Technology designed for the simultaneous delivery of short messages to multiple mobile users within a specified region. This is one to many version of SMS. Cell Header ATM Layer protocol control information. Cells in Frames Cells In Frames is a protocol established by the CIF Alliance which specifies how to transport ATM protocol over Ethernet, Token Ring and other frame protocols. CIF uses software at the workstation instead of a new hardware Network Interface Card to do QOS scheduling and ABR flow control. cell loss priority (CLP) A two-bit field in the ATM header that defines the priority of the cell, for congestion avoidance and data loss routines. cell relay See Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) . CEN Conseil Europeen pour la Normalisation: a body coordinating standardisation activities in the EEC and EFTA. countries. CENELEC CEN -electricite. central processing unit (CPU) That part of the computer that performs the actual processing; the machine instruction executor. Also used to refer to the unit of the computer that contains the CPU chip (such as the workstation base in a NeXT slab); that part of the computer apart from the monitor and keyboard and mouse. central processing unit The heart of the computer, the part that does the thinking (such as it is). These days, in all but the largest computers, the CPU is contained entirely on a little, black chip the size of your thumb and that costs maybe $200. CPU chips are named by using numbers, like 68040 and 80486, by using acronyms, like SPARC, or made up names, like Pentium. CER Cell Error Ratio: The ratio of errored cells in a transmission in relation to the total cells sent in a transmission. The measurement is taken over a time interval and is desirable to be measured on an in-service circuit. CERA Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications. An international journal CERC Concurrent Engineering Research Center, West Virginia University CERN The European Laboratory for Particle Physics. CERNLIB The CERN Program Library CERT Computer Emergency Response Team. Now CERT Coordination Center, works with the Internet community on security problems. CERT See Computer Emergency Response team (CERT) CES Circuit Emulation Service: The ATM Forum circuit emulation service interoperability specification specifies interoperability agreements for supporting Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic over ATM networks that comply with the other ATM Forum interoperability agreements. Specifically, this specification supports emulation of existing TDM circuits over ATM networks. CFI CAD Framework Initiative. A consortium working on interface standards for integrating CAD tools and data. CFOOT Corporate Facilitators of Object-Oriented Technology. CGI CGI stands for Common Gateway Interface. CGI allows HTML pages to interact with programming applications. CGI - Common Gateway Interface. This is a programming standard which defines how a Web Page can interact with a user, i.e. fill out a form. Typically CGI applications are written in either PERL or C, both are computer languages of varying complexity. CGI applications run on the server, not on the visiting client. CGI See Common Gateway Interface (CGI). CGI Acronym for Common Gateway Interface. This is a program specification used to write scripts for use with a server. CGI Common Gateway Interface. A standard for running external programs under a WWW or similar information server. CGI A (French) software engineering vendor in the US. CGM Computer Graphics Metafile: a standard file format for storage and communication of graphical information, widely used on personal computers and accepted by desktop publishing systems. (ANSI/ISO) Change and Configuration Management Service (CCMS) Management by subscription. Allows applications to create abstract, architecture- and platform-independent profiles that describe configuration settings for the resources and services they manage. Channel Associated Signalling (CAS) Signalling bits are transmitted in-band, along with the digitized voice itself. Change Management A consistent set of techniques that aid in evolution, composition and policy management of the design and implementation of an object or system. Character matrix The total number of Horizontal and Vertical spaces required per character. Character matrix The total number of Horizontal and Vertical spaces required per character. Charm A portable object-oriented parallel programming system from University of Illinois Chen Peter Chen developed the Entity-Relationship model. Checksum A number that is calculated based on the values if a block of data. Checksums are used in communication to ensure that the correct data was received. checksum A number computed by glomming together all the characters from an entire file in a special mathematical way. If you are afraid that a file is going to change, perhaps getting messed up by being transmitted across noisy lines, you can calculate a checksum before and after transmitting it. If you get the same checksum, the file probably did'nt change. CHEOPS A satellite-based batch data dissemination project between CERN and member state institutes. Child Node A node at the next lower level of the hierarchy which is contained in the peer group represented by the logical group node currently referenced. This could be a logical group node, or a physical node. Child Peer Group A child peer group of a peer group is any one containing a child node of a logical group node in that peer group. A child peer group of a logical group node is the one containing the child node of that logical group node. Child version A version of a version. See change management . CHILL CCITT High-Level Language. A real-time language used in telecommunications. Choices An object-oriented operating system from University of Illinois Chorus A distributed operating system developed at INRIA CI Congestion Indicator: This is a field in a RM-cell, and is used to cause the source to decrease its ACR. The source sets CI=0 when it sends an RM-cell. Setting CI=1 is typically how destinations indicate that EFCI has been received on a previous data cell. CIAC - Computer Incident Advisory Center. A US Government sponsored group charged with diseminating information concerning computer security and viruses to other government agencies and the public. A working group of the US Department of Energy. CIAC Computer Incident Advisory Capability of the US DoE CIC Committee on Institutional Cooperation. An academic consortium of American Universities CICERO Control Information system Concepts based on Encapsulated Real-time Objects. A CERN DRDC proposal. CICS See Customer Information Control System (CICS) CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing (on the Internet CIDR See Classless Internet Domain Routing (CIDR) CIE Coordinates The CIE Coordinates for any color are obtained from a CIE Color Chart. CIFS See Common Internet File System (CIFS). CIL Component Integration Laboratories. An effort to create a common framework for interoperability between applications on desktop platforms, formed by Apple, IBM, Novell, Oracle, Taligent, WordPerfect, and Xerox CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturing. CIP Common Indexing Protocol. For use by directory services when passing indexing information: under study by an IETF working group. CIP Carrier Identification Parameter: A 3 or 4 digit code in the initial address message identifying the carrier to be used for the connection. CIR Committed Information Rate: CIR is the information transfer rate which a network offering Frame Relay Services (FRS) is committed to transfer under normal conditions. The rate is averaged over a minimum increment of time. Circuit Switching A type of communication system that established a connection, or circuit, between the two devices before communicating and does not discount until all data is sent. CIS Case Integration Services: a committee formed to discuss CASE tool integration standards related to ATIS. CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer. CISI A French software house. CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer. A type of CPU(central processing unit)chip. Pronounced "kisk". The other kind of CPU is RISC. You don't care. CISM See Change Integration and Software Management (CISM). CIX Commercial Internet eXchange. A non-profit trade association of Public Data Internetwork service providers CL Connectionless Service: A service which allows the transfer of information among service subscribers without the need for end-to- end establishment procedures. CL See Common Lisp Common-Lisp. Class A language developed by the Andrew Project Andrew-Project: one of the first attempts to add object-oriented object-oriented features to C. Class The prototype for an object in an object-oriented object-oriented language; analogous to a derived type in a procedural language. Class library A library of reusable classes Classfor use with an object-oriented object-oriented programming system Class-Relation Method A design technique based on the concepts of object-oriented object-oriented programming and the Entity-Relationship Entity-Relationshipmodel from the French company Softeam. Classless Internet Domain Routing (CIDR) A protocol (defined in RFC 1467 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1467.txt) that allows for variable-length addresses that allows for more- and less-specific routing information. This replaces the old class A, class B, class C routing scheme. clean The file system /f is guaranteed to have a static, stable structure. Only unmounted filesystems or read-only file systems are clean by definition. Cleanroom A software development approach aimed at producing software with the minimum number of errors - . CLHEP A C++ C++ class library Class-library for high energy physics applications CLI See command line interface (CLI). CLIENT - There are multiple meanings for this word in computer technology, however in the context being presented here, a client typically refers to a computer which is temporarily connected to the Internet via a modem connection. Client Any device that attaches to the network server. A workstation is the most common type of client. Clients run client software to provide network access. A piece of software which accesses data on a server can also be called a client. client The requestor of a service as provided by a server /s. For example, a "TME /t client" is a managed node; xterm is an X Window System client. Client A system or process that requests a service from another system or process. client In the X window system and its relatives, Motif and OPEN LOOK, a program that does real work, as opposed to a program that displays the results on-screen. client/server model The structure by which services are implemented. A client process on one host makes a request that a server process (which may or may not be on another host) fulfills. client stub An ORB /o interface that provides for the collection, transmission, marshaling and unmarshaling CLIENT - There are multiple meanings for this word in computer technology, however in the context being presented here, a client typically refers to a computer which is temporarily connected to the Internet via a modem connection. Client Any device that attaches to the network server. A workstation is the most common type of client. Clients run client software to provide network access. A piece of software which accesses data on a server can also be called a client. of data. clicking "Clicking With A Mouse" means moving the mouse until the cursor is on the thing you want to select and then pressing and releasing the mouse button. If your mouse has several buttons, use the leftmost button unless instructed otherwise. click-to-type A system GUIs use to control which window you are working in. When you want to move to a different window, move the mouse and click in the new window to tell the GUI you want to use that window. It's a pain in the neck, actually. clone Copy. A clone NetInfo server is an exact copy of a master NetInfo server in the same subdomain. See domain (2) /d, NetInfo /n. CLOS Common Lisp Object System: an object-oriented object-oriented language derived from Common Lisp Common-Lisp - . /CLOS CLP Constraint Logic Programming. CLP Cell Loss Priority: This bit in the ATM cell header indicates two levels of priority for ATM cells. CLP=0 cells are higher priority than CLP=1 cells. CLP=1 cells may be discarded during periods of congestion to preserve the CLR of CLP=0 cells. CLR Cell Loss Ratio: CLR is a negotiated QoS parameter and acceptable values are network specific. The objective is to minimize CLR provided the end-system adapts the traffic to the changing ATM layer transfer characteristics. The Cell Loss Ratio is defined for a connection as: Lost Cells/Total Transmitted Cells. The CLR parameter is the value of CLR that the network agrees to offer as an objective over the lifetime of the connection. It is expressed as an order of magnitude, having a range of 10-1 to 10-15 and unspecified. CLU An object-oriented object-oriented programming language developed at MIT MIT by Liskov et al. CLX The Common Lisp interface to the X Window System X-Window-System, equivalent to Xlib Xlib. CM Configuration Management. CMA Concert Multithread Architecture from DEC . CMDA: Code Division Multiple Access is a technology that enables multiple uses to access a single radio frequency channel through the allocation of a unique code sequence. CMIP Common Management Interface Protocol: An ITU-TSS standard for the message formats and procedures used to exchange management information in order to operate, administer maintain and provision a network. CML Chemical Markup Language. A means for interchanging chemical information, based on SGML SGML CMM Capability Maturity Model for software development organisations, from SEI SEI CMR Cell Misinsertion Rate: The ratio of cells received at an endpoint that were not originally transmitted by the source end in relation to the total number of cells properly transmitted. CMS A code management code-managementsystem from DEC. CMU See Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU) /. CMVC Configuration Management Version Control from IBM. CMZ A portable interactive code management code-managementsystem from CodeME S.A.R.L in use in the high-energy physics community. CNAME record See DNS record types, CNAME record /d. CNET Centre national d'Etudes des Telecommunications: the French national telecommunications research centre at Lannion. CNI Coalition for Networked Information. Promotes the creation of and access to information resources in networked environments in order to enrich scholarship and enhance intellectual productivity - CNR Complex Node Representation: A collection of nodal state parameters that provide detailed state information associated with a logical node. CNRI Corporation for National Research Initiatives, Reston, VA. A US research and development organisation in information processing technology - . /Internet Coaxial Cable One of the types of cable used in network wiring. Typical coax types include RG-58 and RG-62. The 10base2 system of Ethernet networking uses coaxial cable. Coaxial cable is usually shielded. The Thicknet system uses a thicker coaxial cable. COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language: an early and widely-used programming language for business applications. COCOMO Constructive Cost Model: a method for evaluating the cost of a software package proposed by B.Boehm, "Software Engineering Economics" Prentice-Hall 1987 - . /COCOMO COD Connection Oriented Data: Data requiring sequential delivery of its component PDUs to assure correct functioning of its supported application, (e.g., voice or video). CODA An object-oriented object-oriented data-acquisition system at CEBAF - Codd's First Normal Form see Normal Form Normal-Form. Code Management A source code management system helps program developers keep track of version history, releases, parallel versions etc. There are several in popular use - . /code-management.txt CodeCenter A proprietary software development environment for C programs, offering an integrated toolkit for developing, testing, debugging and maintainance (formerly Saber-C) Cognitech A French software house specialising in Artificial Intelligence. COHESION DEC's CASE CASE environment. Collage A synchronous collaborative data analysis tool for use over the Internet Internet, from NCSA NCSA - . /Collage collection A group of objects, with or without any particular relationships other than belonging to a named group. collision When two interfaces on the same physical network transmit at the same time, the packets interfere with each other. This collision causes data loss so the interfaces have to retransmit the data. Color Balance The ability of the monitor to show and maintain the same color when switching or varying the intensity of the screen. COM Common Object Model. An open architecture from DEC and Microsoft, allowing interoperation between ObjectBroker ObjectBroker and OLE OLE - . /COM COM Continuation of Message: An indicator used by the ATM Adaptation Layer to indicate that a particular ATM cell is a continuation of a higher layer information packet which has been segmented. COMIS a COMpilation and Interpretation System. A FORTRAN FORTRANinterpreter use by the PAW PAW system COMMA Common Object-oriented Object-oriented Methodology Metamodel Architecture from OPEN command A word you type to get Unix to do something. Actually, the UNIX shell listens to the commands you type and tries to execute them. some commands are things the shell knows how to do. Other commands are seperate programs, stored in files on the disk. When you type a command, press Enter or Return at the end of the line. command line interface (CLI) A line-based (as opposed to a screen-based) interface between the user and an application. Common Channel Signalling (CCS) Signalling bits are transmitted out-of-band, in a separate channel from the digitized voice. Typically a number of voice channels have their signalling combined together into a single signalling channel. Common Desktop Environment (CDE) A common windowing scheme, based on the X11 Motif system, used both in Solaris and HP-UX, to provide a similar look and feel for users. Common Gateway Interface (CGI) A method to allow the user to interact with HTML documents; CGI allows the use of forms and scripts on the World Wide Web (WWW). See also HyperText Markup Language (HTML) /h, World Wide Web (WWW) /w. Common Internet File System (CIFS) The name for Microsoft's version of a networked file system /f. See also Network File System (NFS) /n, Windows NT File System (NTFS) /w. Common Lisp An ANSI ANSI standard version of Lisp Lisp. Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) An OMG /o and X/Open /x specification introducing IDL /i, ORB /o and BOA /b. The current version is CORBA 1.1. CORBA / was adopted by OMG from a joint proposal by Digital Equipment Corporation, Hewlett-Packard Company, HyperDesk Corporation, NCR Corporation, Object Design, Inc., and SunSoft, Inc. Common Peer Group The lowest level peer group in which a set of nodes is represented. A node is represented in a peer group either directly or through one of its ancestors. Communication endpoint An object associated with a set of attributes which are specified at the communication creation time. Communication Protocol For computers engaged in telecommunications, the protocol (i.e., the setting and standards) must be the same for both devices when receiving and transmitting information. A communications program can be used to ensure that the baud rate, duplex, parity, data bits, and stop bits are correctly set. Communicator: PDA type equipment integrated with or attached to a mobile phone, for example Nokia Communicator 99110. Ericsson MC218. COMNET A simulation tool from CACI CACI for analysing wide-area voice or data networks, based on SIMSCRIPT SIMSCRIPT.. Compaq A US manufacturer of IBM PC-compatibles. compression A way to shrink files so that they don't take up so much space. File compression programs that do this include compress and pack. To uncompress a compressed file, use uncompress, unpack, pcat or zcat. Compression Data files are often compressed to take up less network bandwidth, memory etc. Common examples are program executables and visual images. Many algorithms and utilities exist for this - . /Compression Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) The CERT Coordination Center is the organization that grew from the computer emergency response team formed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) /d in November 1988 in response to the needs identified during the Internet worm incident. The CERT charter is to work with the Internet community to facilitate its response to computer security events involving Internet hosts, to take proactive steps to raise the community's awareness of computer security issues, and to conduct research targeted at improving the security of existing systems. computer You mean that you've got this far and you still don't know what a computer is?True, sometimes it can be hard to tell. A computer is the part of the system that contains a processing unit that does the thinking. Sometimes people refer to the computer as the entire package; the processing unit, keyboard, screen, disk drives_the works. You may need to know if you have a computer on your desk or if you have a terminal connected to a computer somewhere else. If you are using a PC with a program such as kermit or procomm as a terminal to communicate with a computer running Unix, when we talk about the "computer", we mean the Unix machine. Computer-Telephony Integration (CTI) The integration of computers and telephone equipment; a computer performing telephone services, such as placing calls or acting as an answering machine. COMSOFT Consortium for the Management of Emerging Software Technologies - . /COMSOFT concatenate The act of combining two string into a single, longer string. concatenated stripe Allows multiple disk partitions to be treated as a single large partition by the kernel. See also Disk Suite /d. Concrete Class In object-oriented object-oriented programming, a class class suitable to be instantiated.(as opposed to an abstract class abstract-class). Concurrent Clean A functional language functional-language for the Macintosh from the University of Nijmegen. Concurrent Engineering An approach where all aspects of a product's life-cycle are considered as early as possible in the design, manufacturing and maintenance process - . /CE conditional A JavaScript statement that performs an action if a particular condition is true, usually using the if statement. Configuration management The process of identifying, defining, recording and reporting the configuration items in a system and the change requests. Controlling the releases and change of the items throughout the life-cycle life-cycle See also code management code-management- . /Configuration Configuration The phase in which the LE Client discovers the LE Service. Connection An ATM connection consists of concatenation of ATM Layer links in order to provide an end-to-end information transfer capability to access points. Connection In switched virtual connection (SVC) environments the LAN Emulation Management entities set up connections between each other using UNI signaling. Connection- OrientedThe model of interconnection in which communication proceeds through three well-defined phase: connection establishment, data transfer, connection release. Example: X.2.5, Internet TCP and OSI TP4, registered letters. Connectionless Refers to ability of existing LANs to send data without previously establishing connections. Connectionless The model of interconnection in which communication takes place without first establishing a connection. Establishing a connection. Sometimes called datagram. Examples; LANs, Internet IP, OSI, CLNP, UDP, ordinary postcards. Constructor A function provided by a class class in C++ C++ to instantiate an object. Consultative Committee on International Telegraphy and Telephony (CCITT)A committee, sponsored by the United Nations, that defines network standards, including X.400 and X.500. This committee has been recently renamed to International Telecommunications Unions/Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU/TSS). Container class A class class whose instances are collections of other objects. Examples include stacks, queues, lists and arrays. Control Connections A Control VCC links the LEC to the LECS. Control VCCs also link the LEC to the LES and carry LE_ARP traffic and control frames. The control VCCs never carry data frames. control key The key on the keyboard labelled control or ctrl. It is used as a shift key. It does nothing of it's own. To use it hold it down, press another key, and release it. To press Cntrl-D, for example, hold the Ctrl key, press and release the ctrl key. Control Panel Windows family containing management tools. Convergence The ability of the electron beam to hit precisely the correct phosphor dot. COO: Cell Of Original is a mobile location system. COOKIE - A small file on your computer in which a web site may write data. The data may be used by that web site only, to track your choices and custom tailor its responses. COOKIE Small bits of data that a web page asks a browser to store on a users computer,either in RAM or on the Hard drive. COOL A class library Class-libraryfor C++ C++from Texas Instruments - . /COOL CooL Combined object-oriented Language from the ITHACA ITHACA Esprit Esprit project, which combines C-based languages with database technology. COOTS Conference on Object-Oriented Technologies and Systems. Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) A high-speed networking standard whose underlying medium is copper or telephone cable. The topology is dual-attached, counter-rotating Token Ring. See also Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) /f. CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture: an OMG OMG specification - . /CORBA CORBA See Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) /. CORDIS The European Community R&D information service - . /RTD-help core An old fashioned term for "memory." A long time ago(in the '60s and '70s), most memory consists of thousands of tiny, metal donuts, called cores, strung on arrays of teeny-tiny wires.Some UNIX enthusiasts still refer to memory as "core." CORE Chemistry Online Retrieval Experiment. A project to publish American Chemical Society journals electronically. Corresponding Entities Peer entities with a lower layer connection among them. Cortex An experimental slow controls project at CERN COS Corporation for Open Systems: an international consortium of computer users and vendors, set up to provide ways of testing OSI OSI implementations. COSE Common Open Software Environment. An initiative by Hewlett-Packard, Sun, IBM, Novell, Univel and SCO to move towards consistency and interopability between Unix suppliers. COSINE Cooperation for Open Systems Interconnection Networking in Europe. A EUREKA EUREKA project. COSS Common Object Services Specification in CORBA CORBA. CoST A set of software tools for SGML SGML documents. COTS Commercial Off The Shelf solution CPAN Comprehensive Perl Perl Archive Network CPCS Common Part Convergence Sublayer: The portion of the convergence sublayer of an AAL that remains the same regardless of the traffic type. CPCS-SDU Common Part Convergence Sublayer-Service Data Unit: Protocol data unit to be delivered to the receiving AAL layer by the destination CP convergence sublayer. CPE Customer Premises Equipment: End user equipment that resides on the customer's premise which may not be owned by the local exchange carrier. CPE See customer premise equipment (CPE) /. CPI Common Program Interface: the API API of SAA SAA. CPI: Capabilities and Preferences Information is the generic term used to describe the information relating to a particular device, the network it operates on and the user's preferences as to content reception. This information is stored on CC/PP server. CPN Calling Party Number: A parameter of the initial address message that identifies the calling number and is sent to the destination carrier. CPSR Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility. A US non-profit organisation concerned with the effects of computers on society CPU Central Processing Unit, usually applied to that part of a computer which carries out the arithmetic and controls the instruction flow. CPU See central processing unit (CPU) /. cracker One who cracks, or breaks into, machines and/or networks. One who breaks passwords. See also hacker /h. Crankback A mechanism for partially releasing a connection setup in progress which has encountered a failure. This mechanism allows PNNI to perform alternate routing. CRAY Cray Research Inc.: manufacturers of a range of large powerful mainframes. CRC Class-Responsibility-Collaboration. A technique described in Object-Oriented Software by Wirfs-Brock. CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check: A mathematical algorithm that computes a numerical value based on the bits in a block of data. This number is transmitted with the data and the receiver uses this information and the same algorithm to insure the accurate delivery of data by comparing the results of algorithm and the number received. If a mismatch occurs, an error in transmission is presumed. CREASE Catalog of Resources for Education in Ada and Software Engineering. A database maintained by AdaIC AdaIC. credentials package A cryptographically sealed data package containing information about the principal, method, object, location, and authorization of a request. CREN Corporation for Research and Educational Networking: responsible for providing networking service to BITNET BITNET and CSNET CSNET users - . gopher://info.cren.net/ CRF Cell Relay Function: This is the basic function that an ATM network performs in order to provide a cell relay service to ATM end-stations. CRF Connection Related Function: A term used by Traffic Management to reference a point in a network or a network element where per connection functions are occurring. This is the point where policing at the VCC or VPC level may occur. CRM Cell Rate Margin: This is a measure of the difference between the effective bandwidth allocation and the allocation for sustainable rate in cells per second. CRM Missing RM-Cell Count: CRM limits the number of forward RM-cells which may be sent in the absence of received backward RM-cells. cron The clock daemon in UNIX UNIXthat executes commands at specified dates and times according to instructions in a file - . /man?cron Cross software Software developed on one kind of computer for use on another (usually because the other computer does not have itself adequate facilities for software development). CRS Cell Relay Service: A carrier service which supports the receipt and transmission of ATM cells between end users in compliance with ATM standards and implementation specifications. CRS4 Centro di Ricerca, Sviluppo e Studi Superiori in Sardegna. ( Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia). A high performance computing centre with an interesting information server. CRT This abbreviation stands for Cathode Ray Tube, also known as picture tube or screen. The picture tube in a home TV is also a CRT. CS Convergence Sublayer; The general procedures and functions that convert between ATM and non-ATM formats. This describes the functions of the upper half of the AAL layer. This is also used to describe the conversion functions between non-ATM protocols such as frame relay or SMDS and ATM protocols above the AAL layer. CSCW Computer Supported Cooperative Work (also known as Groupware): software tools and technology to support groups of people working together on a project, often at different sites - . /CSCW CSD: Circuit Switched Cellular Data. csh See c shell c-shell cshell See c shell c-shell CSL Caml Special Light. An implementation of Caml Caml - . CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection: a network arbitration scheme used on Ethernet Ethernet. A station with a message to send starts sending if there is no carrier detected on the transmission medium. If a collision occurs, transmission is abandoned and retried after a delay. CSMA/CD See Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) /. CSNET (Computer+Science Network) A large computer network, mostly in the U.S. but with international connections. CSNET sited include universities, research labs, and some commercial companies. Now merged with BITNET to form CREN. CSNET Computers and Science Network, operated by CREN CREN for US computer science institutes. It provides electronic mail service via dial-up lines, plus X.25 X.25 and Internet Internet services. CSP Communicating Sequential Processes. A programming model developed by T. Hoare at Oxford University - CSS Cascading Style Sheets. A simple mechanism for adding style to WWW WWW documents CSTC Computer Security Technology Center of the US DoE DoE CSU Channel Service Unit: An interface for digital leased lines which performs loopback testing and line conditioning. CT Conformance Test: Testing to determine whether an implementation complies with the specifications of a standard and exhibits the behaviors mandated by that standard. CTAN Comprehensive TeX Archive Network - . /TeX CTD Cell Transfer Delay: This is defined as the elapsed time between a cell exit event at the measurement point 1 (e.g., at the source UNI) and the corresponding cell entry event at measurement point 2 (e.g., the destination UNI) for a particular connection. The cell transfer delay between two measurement points is the sum of the total inter-ATM node transmission delay and the total ATM node processing delay. CTI Computer Telephony Integration. CTI See Computer-Telephony Integration (CTI) /. CTIA: Cellular Telecommunications Industries Association. CUA Common User Access: the User Interface standard of SAA SAA. current job The job most recently started or stopped. When you use the jobs command to list jobs, the current job is marked with a plus sign(+). curses A set of subroutines in UNIX UNIXfor handling navigation on a terminal screen using the cursor - . /man?curses cursor The little indicator on your screen that shows where you are working. Its shape depends on the program you are using. It may be a blinking underscore, a box, an arrow, a little hourglass, a little pencil-you name it. Customer Information Control System (CICS) The IBM architecture underlying the e-mail system, defining a region or domain for electronic mail delivery. customer premise equipment (CPE) Telecommunications equipment located at a customer site (relative to the telephone or telecommunications company). CVS A code management code-managementsystem based on RCS RCS CWI Dutch Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam CWIS Campus-Wide Information System. Many universities and other institutes have computerised information systems, often based on WWW or gopher Cyclic Redundancy checksum (CRC)A redundancy check in which the check key is generated by a cyclic algorithm. Also, a system checking or error checking performed at both the sending and receiving station after a block check character has been accumulated. cylinder group A group of consecutive cylinders. See cylinder /. cylinder The same track from each platter of a disk. See also platter /p. D DA Destination Address: Information sent in the forward direction indicating the address of the called station or customer. DA Destination MAC Address: A six octet value uniquely identifying an endpoint and which is sent in IEEE LAN frame headers to indicate frame destination. DAA Distributed Application Architecture: under design by Hewlett-Packard and Sun. A distributed object management environment that will allow applications to be developed independent of operating system, network or windowing system. DACNOS A prototype network operating system for multivendor environments, from IBM European Networking Centre Heidelberg and University of Karlsruhe. DAD Distributed Adamo Database. An extension to ADAMO ADAMO - . daemon (pronounced "daemon")A process that runs around on its own to see some housekeeping task. Your computer, or some computer on your network, has a printer daemon whose job is to print things waiting in the print queue. daemon A process running in the background performing some service (such as handling print queues) in UNIX UNIXor other operating systems. Daemon Program A utility program that runs on a TCP/IP server. Daemon programs run in the background, performing services such a file transfers, printing, calculations, searching for information, and many other tasks. This is similar to a TSR program in DOS. Daemons are fully supported by UNIX, however. DANTE A company established by the national research networks in Europe to provide international network services - . /RIPE DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)The U.S. government agency that funded the ARPANET. DARPA Defense Advanced Research Project Agency of the US Department of Defense,.responsible for the development of new technology, including ARPANET ARPANET. DARPA See Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) /. DASE Distributed Application Support Environment . Data base See DBMS DBMS Data Connections Data VCCs connect the LECs to each other and to the Broadcast and Unknown Server. These carry Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 or IEEE 802.5 data frames as well as flush messages. Data Definition Language A language enabling the structure and instances of a database to be defined in a human- and machine-readable form. Data dictionary A set of data descriptions that can be shared by several applications. Data Encryption Standard (DES) A non-trivial algorithm for encrypting data, classified as a munition by the United States Department of Commerce and Department of State. Data Flow Diagram A graphical notation used to describe how data flows between processes in a system. An important tool of most structured analysis techniques. Data Frames Logical, structured packets in which data can be placed. The Data Link layer Packages raw bits from the physical layer into data frames. The exact format of frame used by network depends on the topology. data Information in computer-speak. Data Link Layer The OSI layer that is responsible for data transfer across a single physical connection, or series of bridged connections, between two network entities. data marshaling, data unmarshaling The conversion of data back and forth between some local format and a common interchange format. Marshaled data is in the canonical eXtended Data Representation (XDR) /e format Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) /a. Data Model A set of data structures with manipulation and validation operators for general purpose usage. Examples are the Entity-Relationship Entity-Relationship model and NIAM NIAM Data Packet A unit of data being set over a network. A packet includes a header, addressing information, and the data itself. A packet is treated as a single unit as it is sent from device to device. Data Transfer Rate The data transfer rate determines how fast a drive or other peripheral can transfer data with its controller. The data transfer rate is a key measurement in drive performance. Data Warehouse A database of information intended for use as part of a decision support system. The data is typically extracted from an organisation's operational databases. database A collection of data organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. database administrator (DBA) An administrator of a database. This person is responsible for system tuning as well as the structure of the tables within the database, the number of instances to run, and other parameters. See also system administrator /s. Database See DBMS DBMS. Datacom A DBMS DBMS from Computer Associates International.. Datagram A packet of information medium and associated delivery information, such as the destination address, that is routed through a packet-switching network. DATATRIEVE A query and report system for use with DEC's VMS VMS system (RMS, VAX Rdb/VMS or VAX DBMS). DataViews Graphical user interface development software from V.I.Corporation, aimed at constructing platform-independent interactive views of dynamic data. DAZIX Daisy/Cadnetix Corporation: a supplier of digital electronic CAE CAE systems. DB Database. DB2 A DBMS DBMS from IBM. DBA DataBase Administrator. DBA See database administrator (DBA) /. dBASE III A DBMS DBMS from Ashton-Tate Corporation. DBMS Database management system: such systems typically manage large structured sets of persistent data, offering ad hoc query facilities to many users. They are widely used in business applications: commercial examples include Ingres Ingres, Oracle Oracle, Sybase Sybase etc. DCA Document Content Architecture.from IBM DCC Data Country Code: This specifies the country in which an address is registered. The codes are given in ISO 3166. The length of this field is two octets. The digits of the data country code are encoded in Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) syntax. The codes will be left justified and padded on the right with the hexadecimal value "F" to fill the two octets. DCE Data Communication Equipment: A generic definition of computing equipment that attaches to a network via a DTE. DCE Distributed Computing Environment from OSF OSF - . /DCE DCE See Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) /. DCF Document Composition Facility. D-channel A dedicated data channel for Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) /i configuration and set-up. DCOM Distributed Component Object Model Protocol - . /DCOM DCS See Digital Cross-connect System (DCS) / DCSA Distributed Component Software Architecture - . /CIL DD Data Dictionary Data-Dictionary. DDE Manager An Oracle Oracle product that lets Windows Windows applications that support the DDE protocol act as front end tools for Oracle. It allows applications like Excel, Word, Ami Professional, WingZ, and ToolBook to query, update, graph, and report information stored in Oracle. DDE protocol Dynamic Data Exchange: a Microsoft Microsoft protocol that allows Windows Windows applications to communicate using a client/server model. DDIF Digital Document Interchange Format. A CDA CDA specification for representing compound documents in revisable format; a DEC standard for document encoding. DDL Data definition language Data-definition-language. DDL Document Description Language Document-Description-Language. DDTS Distributed Defect Tracking System. debug The act of finding errors, or bugs, in a program or script. DECT: digital European Cordless Telecommunication. DEC Digital Equipment Corporation: a computer manufacturer and software vendor. DECdesign A software analysis and design tool from DEC supporting several methodologies. DECdns Distributed Naming Service: adopted by OSF OSF as the naming service for DCE DCE. DECnet The network marketed by DEC to connect its computers together. decrement To decrease the value of a variable by one. In java Script, this can be done with the decrement operator,++. DECstation A range of RISC RISC based workstations manufactured by DEC. DECwindows DEC's windowing environment based on the X Window System X-Window-System. DECwrite DEC's CDA CDA-based, WYSIWYG WYSIWYG document processing application. It can generate and import SGML SGML marked-up documents. Dedicated Line A transmission medium that is used exclusively between two locations. Dedicated lines are also known as leased lines or private lines. Default Gateway IP uses the default gateway address when it cannot find the destination host on the local subnet. This is usually the router interface. Default Node Representation A single value for each nodal state parameter giving the presumed value between any entry or exit to the logical node and the nucleus. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) The central research and development organization for the United States Department of Defense. It manages and directs selected basic and applied research and development projects for the Department, and pursues research and technology where risk and payoff are both very high and where success may provide dramatic advances for traditional military roles and missions and dual-use applications. DEL See Dialog Editing Library (DEL) /. Delphi An object-oriented object-oriented development system from Borland Delta The information which differentiates a version version from members of its immediate family. See change management change-management Delta-4 Definition and Design of an open Dependable Distributed system architecture. An Esprit Esprit project investigating the achievement of dependability in open distributed systems, including real-time real-time systems. DELTASE A distributed processing environment concerned with fault-tolerant and process-control applications from the Esprit Esprit Delta-4 Delta-4 project. DEM Digital Elevation Model. A format for map files - . /Graphics DeMarco Tom DeMarco proposed a form of Structured Analysis. Demeter A CASE CASE tool developed mainly by Karl Lieberherr (see Aug/Sep 1988 issue of JOOP, OOPSLA '89 Proceedings "Contributions to Teaching Object-Oriented Design and Programming") demilitarized zone (DMZ) An area of a network, typically between the internal corporate network and either the external Internet or a partner, vendor, or client, usually between firewalls, providing some service or services. Part of a security system. See also firewall /f. Demultiplexing A function performed by a layer entity that identifies and separates SDUs from a single connection to more than one connection. demux See multiplex /m. DES Data Encryption Standard. A NIST NIST encryption standard. DES Destination End Station: An ATM termination point which is the destination for ATM messages of a connection and is used as a reference point for ABR services. See SES. DES See Data Encryption Standard (DES) /. Design Design is usually considered to be the phase of software development following analysis, and concerned with how the problem is to be solved. Design recovery A subset of reverse engineering reverse-engineering in which domain knowledge, external information, and deduction of fuzzy reasoning are added to the observations of the subject system to identify meaningful higher level abstraction beyond those obtained directly by examining the system itself. desktop A display of one or more icons representing system resources. Desktop Commands (DTC) Commands used in the Advanced Development Environment (ADE) /a to manipulate a dialog / instance. Desktop manager A user interface to system services, usually icon and menu based like the Macintosh Finder, enabling the user to run applications and use a filing system without directly using the command language of the operating system. desktop publishing A fancy type of word processing. A desktop publishing program lets you do typesetting and is useful for preparing books, newsletters, and the like. The most common Unix desktop publishing programs are Interleaf and FrameMaker. DESQview A system from Quarterdeck Office Systems implementing multitasking under MS-DOS. Destructor A function provided by a class in C++ C++ to delete an object. DESY Deutsches Electronen Synchrotron Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany Development The process of analysis, design, coding and testing software. Device Driver A piece of software that allows a workstation or server to communicate with a hardware device. For example, disk drivers are used to control disk drivers and network drivers are used to communicate with network boards. DFD Data Flow Diagram Data-Flow-Diagram. DFS See distributed file system (DFS) /. DGL Data Generation Language: a tool for generating test data for hardware or software systems. DGL The distributed version of GL GL . DHC See Dynamic Host Configuration (DHC) /. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) A method of automatically assigning IP addresses to client computers on a network. DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. DHCP See Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) /. Dhrystone A benchmark Benchmarkprogram in C and Ada. DHTML DYNAMIC HTML Diagonal Linear Measurement "Official" screen size is the diagonal measurement of the CRT before its mounted in the monitor cabinet. Some monitor CRT category sizes are 14", 15", 17", 19", and 21". DIALOG A commercial bibliographic database and retrieval service from DIALOG Information Services. dialog A two-way communication link between an administrator and one or more TME resources. Dialog Editing Library (DEL) A library of C functions that permits dynamic, persistent creation and editing of dialog descriptors at run-time. See also Advanced Development Environment (ADE) /a. Dialog Specification Language (DSL) Provides the dialog layout and interaction for handling application output and input. See gadget /g. DIB Device Independent Bitmap, a format for portable images. Dienst A protocol for a distributed digital document library built on http Digital Cross-connect System (DCS) Pronounced "dax;" a digital version of or replacement for the analog data center patch panels. Digital Private Network Signalling System (DPNSS) A Common Channel Signalling (CCS) /c protocol used in telecommunications networks. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) A high-speed digital network connection, usually between a home or small business and a telecommunications vendor, providing an always-up direct connection to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) /i. It can be either asymmetric, /a where the upstream and downstream speeds are dissimilar, or symmetric, /s where the upstream and downstream speeds are the same. DII Dynamic Invocation Interface. An OMG OMG specification. DII See Dynamic Invocation Interface (DII) /. DIIG Digital Information Infrastructure Guide. A resource to facilitate the development of the NII NII - . /DIIG Dijkstra's Algorithm An algorithm that is sometimes used to calculate routes given a link and nodal state topology database. DIN Deutsche Institut fuer Normung: the German standardisation body, a member of ISO ISO. DIP Document Image Processing: storage, management and retrieval of images. DIR This is a field in an RM-cell which indicates the direction of the RM- cell with respect to the data flow with which it is associated. The source sets DIR=0 and the destination sets DIR=1. Direct Set A set of host interfaces which can establish direct layer two communications for unicast (not needed in MPOA). directive (Security.) Specific actions to be taken and directions to be followed in implementing a policy /p. Adherence to directives is mandatory for users. directory A collection of files with a name. A dirctory can be compared to a file folder that contains one or more files. Directories can also contain other directories. You can think of a directory as a work area because one directory is always the current working directory. Directories, particularly directories contained in your home directory. Dirt Design In Real Time: a user interface builder for the X Window System X-Window-System by R.Hesketh dirty Not clean. A filesystem is dirty if it is in use or if there is no guarantee that the file system structure is static. DISA Data Interchange Standards Association (USA) DISA Defense Information Systems Agency (USA) disk Also known as DASD(only to IBM types, who also pronounce this "daz-dee"), it is a round flat thing on which information is recorded in much the same way as you record stuff on a cassette tape. Disk Operating System (DOS) The term DOS can refer to any operating system, but it is most often used as a shorthand for Microsoft's MS-DOS. Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM /i, MS-DOS was the standard operating system for IBM-compatible personal computers. Disk Suite A product from Sun Microsystems that allows the kernel to treat multiple distinct disk partitions as larger logical partitions (up to one terabyte per logical partition). It also allows for mirroring data, or storing data on multiple partitions simultaneously. diskette A removable disk, also called a floppy disk. DISOSS See Distribution Office Support Systems (DISOSS) /. display adapter The thing inside your computer that lets it talk to the screen. Display PostScript An extended form of PostScript PostScript permitting its interactive use with bitmap displays. Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) A non-hierarchical, non-scaling multicast routing protocol, defined in RFC 1075 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1075.txt. Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) An OSF /o product. A windowing environment similar to Motif. distributed file system (DFS) A file system /f that is distribtued across multiple geographic sites yet which appears to be a single local file system /f to the user. See also Andrew File System (AFS) /a, Institutional File System (IFS) /i. Distribution Office Support Systems (DISOSS) The IBM /i SNA /s electronic mail routing architecture for their mainframes. A distributed electronic mail system. diversely routed A network is diversely routed if there are multiple routes from point A to point B. DL/I The data manipulation language of IMS IMS. DLG Digital Line Graph. A format for map files - . /Graphics DLM Distributed Lock Manager on distributed VMS VMS systems. DLPI UNIX International, Data Link Provider Interface (DLPI) Specification: Revision 2.0.0, OSI Work Group, August 1991. DME Distributed Management Environment: an OSF OSF standard presently at the RFT RFT stage. DMS Document Management System. DMZ See demilitarized zone (DMZ) /. DNS - Domain Name Server. This is a program running on a server which automatically translates domain names into their correct TCP/IP addresses. A busy DNS server is the most common reason for Navigator's frequent "Unable to find Domain Name or invalid entry in the DNS" error. DNS (Domain Name System) The distributed name/address mechanism used in the Internet. DNS Distributed Name Service: see DECdns DECdns. DNS DOMAIN NAME SERVER DNS record types The domain name record types are: A Address, specifying the IP address CNAME Canonical name, an alias pointing to the true name of the host. Requires its right hand side to have an A record. HINFO Host information, detailed information about the specific host, such as location or operating system version. LOC Location, specifies the geographical location of the host. MX Mail exchange, specifies that the host on the left side will accept mail for the host on the right hand side at the priority shown (lower is preferred). NS Name server, specifies a host that will act as a domain name server for the specified domain. PTR Pointer, used to provide reverse lookups. RP Responsible person, the contact information for the specified domain. SOA Start of authority, the meta information for the specified zone. Contains email information, a serial number, and the time to live values. The specific format is defined in RFC 2181. TXT Text, a comment on the record. Otherwise ignored. WKS Well-known services, lists those services for a host. Allows for mnemonics (http, smtp, telnet) instead of specifying port numbers (80, 25, 21). DNS See Domain Name Service (DNS) /. DOC Distributed Object Computing. Document Examiner A high-performance hypertext hypertext system by Symbolics that provides on-line access to their user documentation. Document Style Semantics and Specification Language An ISO standard under preparation, addressing the semantics of high-quality composition in a manner independent of particular formatting systems or processes. DSSSL is intended as a complementary standard to SGML SGML for the specification of semantics. DoD Networking Model A four-layer conceptual model describing how communication should take place between computer systems. The four layers are Process/Application, Host-to-Host, Internet, and Networking Access. DOD is the acronym for Department of Defense, the government agency that provided the original funding for the development of the TCP/IP protocol suite. DoD The US Department of Defense, responsible for sponsoring many standards in the software engineering field - . /DoD DoD-STD-2167A DoD DoD standard specifying the overall process of development and documentation for mission-critical software DoD-STD-2168 A DoD DoD standard for software quality assurance procedures. DOE Distributed Object Environment: a distributed object-oriented object-oriented application framework from SunSoft. DoE The US Department of Energy DOI Digital Object Identifier. A system of unique and persistent identifiers devised by the Association of American Publishers. The DOI is intended to mark digital objects in electronic commerce so that a user of the object can contact the current provider to get additional information or complete a transaction domain Domain A logical grouping for file servers within a network, managed as an integrated whole. Domain Controller Primary server within a domain and primary storage point for domain-wide security information. Domain Distributed Operating Multi Access Interactive Network: the proprietary network protocol used by Apollo Apollo workstations. domain level A level in a NetInfo domain hierarchy. See NetInfo /n. DOMAIN NAME - An english language equivalent of a computer systems TCP/IP address. DOMAIN NAME A Domain Name is much like a trademark or a license. It allows people to find your website by name instead of by number. It also allows customers to have a much more professional look because their website can be http://www.THEIRBUSINESSNAME.com instead of http://www.PROVIDERNAME.com/businessname. There can only be one of any Domain name in the world. If http://www.myweb.com is already registered by another company, then you must find a name that is not yet registered. Domain names can be only 63 charecters long in total. This includes the .com at the end but does not include the http://www at the beginning. It is the 'unique name' that identifies an Internet site. Domain Names always have two or more parts, separated by dots. The part on the left is the most specific, and the part on the right is the most general. A given machine may have more than one Domain Name but a given Domain Name points to only one machine. For example, the domain names: Domain Name Service (DNS) A UDP /u protocol (defined in RFC 2181 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2181.txt) for resolving names to IP addresses and vice versa. This leads to a hierarchical host naming structure which gives each computer on a network a unique name. See also fully qualified domain name (FQDN) /f, resolver /r. Domain Names The name by which a domain is known to the network. The errors (if you do the math) are due to clocking information and overhead in managing the multiplexing of the channels on the fiber. ? pugmarks.com ? pugmarks.net ? aiims.edu ? apcf.org can all refer to the same machine, but each domain name can refer to no more than one machine. Usually, all of the machines on a given Network will have the same extension as the right-hand portion of their Domain Names (pugmarks.net in the examples above). It is also possible for a Domain Name to exist but not be connected to an actual machine. This is often done so that a group or business can have an Internet e-mail address without having to establish a real Internet site. In these cases, some real Internet machine must handle the mail on behalf of the listed Domain Name. DECODING - Decoding is the process by which attachments are returned to their original form after having been subjected to encoding for transmission over the Internet. If the sender of the file has used a form of decoding appropriate to your computer and e-mail program, the decoding will occur automatically. If this is not the case, you may be able to set up a helper application for this purpose. If you receive a file that needs special decoding, you can sometimes identify the required form of decoding by the three letter extension at the end of the file's name : If the extension is: The file needs this type of decoding: .hqx Binhex .uue UUencode Domain Refer to Administrative Domain. DOMF Distributed Object Management Facility: an OMG OMG-compliant object management system; part of DOE DOE. from SunSoft. DOORS Dynamic Object Oriented Requirements System - . /DOORS DORIS 3-10 GeV center of mass electron-positron storage ring/collider at DESY DESY. DOS An operating system patterned in some ways after UNIX. DOS runs on PCs. DOS See Disk Operating System (DOS) /. Dot Pitch The distance between the one phosphor dot and the nearest dot of the same color in the fine above or below. dot-matrix printers Printers that work by hitting a ribbon against the paper using a grid (or a matrix) of little pins, each of which makes a tiny dot on the page. double-clicking "Double-clicking with a mouse" means moving the mouse until the cursor is on the thing you want to use and then quickly pressing and releasing mouse button twice. It takes some practice to get the two clicks fast enough but not too fast.If your mouse has several buttons, use the leftmost button unless you are instructed otherwise. DOWNLOADING - The process of transferring a file or program from some source computer to your computer. Downloading is a controlled process using a protocol to move the file in such a way as to insure it remains intact and undamaged. (see protocols) DPNSS See Digital Private Network Signalling System (DPNSS) /. DPS Display PostScript Display-PostScript. DQO Data Quality Objectives DRAFTS - Drafts are unfinished messages. Your e-mail program allows you to store a not-yet-ready-post message as a draft, and provides a folder for this purpose. This is a handy feature, since it's often a good idea to make sure that a message really says what you want it to say before you send it, especially when the letter is important. drag-and-drop The action of dragging an item with the mouse from one location to another, and releasing the mouse button at the destination. dragging "Dragging the mouse" means moving the mouse until the cursor is on the thing you want to drag, pressing and holding the mouse button, moving the mouse until the thing is where you want to drag it to (with the button still down), and then releasing the mouse button. If your mouse has several buttons, use the leftmost button unless you are instructed otherwise. DRAGON An Esprit project aimed at providing effective support to reuse in real-time real-time distributed Ada Ada applications.. DRAGOON A distributed concurrent object-oriented Ada Ada-based language from the Esprit Esprit DRAGON DRAGON project. DS Dansk Standard. The Danish standards association. DS Distributed Single Layer Test Method: An abstract test method in which the upper tester is located within the system under test and the point of control and observation (PCO) is located at the upper service boundary of the Implementation Under Test (IUT) - for testing one protocol layer. Test events are specified in terms of the abstract service primitives (ASP) at the upper tester above the IUT and ASPs and/or protocol data units (PDU) at the lower tester PCO. DS-0 Digital Signal, Level 0: The 64 kbps rate that is the basic building block for both the North American and European digital hierarchies. DS0, DS1, DS3 Indicators of speed of data transfer over telecommunications lines, where: 1. The trailing portion of a fully qualified host address, typically in an e-mail context. See fully qualified domain name (FQDN) /f. 2. A level in a NetInfo hierarchy. See NetInfo /n. 3. An organization of machines (clients, master servers, and slave servers) and maps in NIS. See Network Information Service (NIS) /n. 4. A section of the Internet name space. See Domain Name Service (DNS) /. DS0 A single 64 Kb/s channel. DS1 A T1 line (1.544 Mb/s), or 24 DS0s. DS3 A T3 line (45 Mb/s), or 28 DS1s. DS-1 Digital Signal, Level 1: The North American Digital Hierarchy signaling standard for transmission at 1.544 Mbps. This standard supports 24 simultaneous DS-0 signals. The term is often used interchangeably with T1 carrier although DS-1 signals may be exchanged over other transmission systems. DS-2 Digital Signal, Level 2: The North American Digital Hierarchy signaling standard for transmission of 6.312 Mbps that is used by T2 carrier which supports 96 calls. DS-3 Digital Signal, Level 3: The North American Digital Hierarchy signaling standard for transmission at 44.736 Mbps that is used by T3 carrier. DS-3 supports 28 DS-1s plus overhead. DS3 PLCP Physical Layer Convergence Protocol: An alternate method used by older T carrier equipment to locate ATM cell boundaries. This method has recently been moved to an informative appendix of the ATM DS3 specification and has been replaced by the HEC method. DSDM Dynamic Systems Development Method. A non-proprietary Rapid Application Development method - . /DSDM.txt DSE Data Structure Editor. DSE Distributed Single-Layer Embedded (Test Method): An abstract test method in which the upper tester is located within the system under test and there is a point of control and observation at the upper service boundary of the Implementation Under Test (IUT) for testing a protocol layer, or sublayer, which is part of a multi-protocol IUT. DSEE Domain Software Engineering Environment: a proprietary CASE CASE framework and configuration management system from Apollo Apollo. DSL See Dialog Specification Language (DSL) /. See Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) /. DSOM Distributed SOM SOM DSP Digital Signal Processing. DSS Decision Support Systems. Software tools to help with management tasks. DSS1 Digital Subscriber Signalling System #1: N-ISDN UNI Signalling DSS2 Setup DSS2 Digital Subscriber Signalling System #2: B-ISDN UNI Signalling DSSSL Document Style Semantics and Specification Language. An ISO standard under preparation, addressing the semantics of high-quality composition in a manner independent of particular formatting systems or processes. DSSSL is intended as a complementary standard to SGML SGML for the specification of semantics - . /DSSSL DSU Data Service Unit: Equipment used to attach users' computing equipment to a public network. DTC See Desktop Commands (DTC) /. DTD Document Type Definition: the definition of a document type in SGML SGML, consisting of a set of markup tags and their interpretation. DTE Data Terminal Equipment: A generic definition of external networking interface equipment such as a modem. DTI UK Department of Trade and Industry. DTIC Defense Technical Information Center of the US Dept. of Defense - . /DTIC DTL Designated Transit List: A list of nodes and optional link IDs that completely specify a path across a single PNNI peer group. DTL DVI DVI Text Language. An ASCII ASCII DVI format. DTL Originator The first switching system within the entire PNNI routing domain to build the initial DTL stack for a given connection. DTL Terminator The last switching system within the entire PNNI routing domain to process the connection and thus the connection's DTL. DTLS Descriptive Top-Level Specification language: used in POSIX POSIX and TRUSIX TRUSIX. DTP Desktop publishing. DTS Distributed Time Service . Dual-Band: Characterizes a handset that is able to operate on two different frequencies. dumb terminal A terminal that has no processing power of its own. It usually does'nt have any nice options either, like mice or screens that can do graphics. Dumb Terminal A workstation consisting of keyboard and monitor, used to put data into the computer or receive information from the computer. Dumb terminals were originally developed to be connected to computers running a multi-user operating systems so that users could communicate directly with them. All processing is done at and by the computer, not the dumb terminal. IN contrast, a smart terminal contains processing circuits which can receive data from the host computer and later carry out independent processing operations. DVI Device independent file format. A dvi file containing a description of the formatted document is the usual output of TeX TeX. DVMRP See Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) /. DWARF A debugging information format for UNIX UNIX System V System-V DXI Data Exchange Interface: A variable length frame-based ATM interface between a DTE and a special ATM CSU/DSU. The ATM CSU/DSU converts between the variable-length DXI frames and the fixed-length ATM cells. Dylan An object-oriented object-oriented dynamic language Dynamic Host Configuration (DHC) A task force or group within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) /i which developed the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) to supercede the aging Boot Protocol (BOOTP) /b. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) A superset of the Boot Protocol (BOOTP) /b which offers greater flexibility for IP address allocation. It provides the standard BOOTP-like method as well as automatic (long-term) or dynamic (short-term) allocation of IP addresses from a pool of available addresses. Dynamic Invocation Interface (DII) Used by a client to dynamically build a request to be sent to a server. E E A database progamming language developed for the EXODUS EXODUS project. E.164 A public network addressing standard utilizing up to a maximum of 15 digits. ATM uses E.164 addressing for public network addressing. E1 Also known as CEPT1, the 2.048 Mbps rate used by European CEPT carrier to transmit 30 64 kbps digital channels for voice or data calls, plus a 64 kbps signaling channel and a 64 kbps channel for framing and maintenance. E3 Also known as CEPT3, the 34.368 Mbps rate used by European CEPT carrier to transmit 16 CEPT1s plus overhead. EAPLS European Association for Programming Languages and Systems EARN European Academic and Research Network. A self-managing network in the research community originally sponsored by IBM. It uses BITNET BITNET protocols and connects to BITNET in the US - . /RIPE EAST A Eureka Eureka project developing a software engineering platform. EC Electronic Commerce. Managing business transactions using networking and electronic means. ECFA European Committee for Future Accelerators. This body, whose principal role is to take care of Europe's requirements for future particle accelerators, has also looked at particle physics data handling on a European-wide basis. ECHO A public database service of the European Community - . /ECHO ECHT European Conference on Hypertext Hypertext. ECIP2 An Esprit Esprit Project on the definition of a specification language at the requirement level. ECIS European Committee for Interoperable Systems. ECM Enterprise Component Modelling. ECMA European Computer Manufacturers Association - . /ECMA ECMA: European Computer Manufacturer Association. ECO Engineering Change Order. ECOOP European Conference on Object-oriented Object-oriented Programming - . /ECOOP ECRC Electronic Commerce Resource Centers. A network of US government sponsored centers that provide support to government and industry in developing and implementing strategies for business process improvement, implementing enabling technologies, and migrating to electronic commerce EDA Product line from Dazix Dazix. Eden An object-oriented distributed operating system based on an RPC RPC mechanism . Edge Device A physical device which is capable of forwarding packets between legacy interworking interfaces (e.g., Ethernet, Token Ring, etc.) and ATM interfaces based on data-link and network layer information but which does not participate in the running of any network layer routing protocol. An Edge Device obtains forwarding descriptions using the route distribution protocol. EDGE: Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution is an ETSI standard. It is a higher bandwidth version of GSM, allowing for transmission speeds of up to 384Kb per second, that makes use of existing GSM infrastructure. EDH Electronic Document Handling (at CERN) EDI Electronic Data Interchange: a set of standards for exchanging orders and other business transactions by electronic mail EDIF Electronic Design Interchange Format . EDM Engineering Data Management. EDMS Electronic Document Management System. EDUCOM A nonprofit consortium of US higher education institutions promoting access to and use of information resources and technology - . gopher://ivory.educom.edu/ EEMA European Electronic Messaging Association. EER An extended entity-relationship entity-relationship model . EFCI Explicit Forward Congestion Indication: EFCI is an indication in the ATM cell header. A network element in an impending-congested state or a congested state may set EFCI so that this indication may be examined by the destination end-system. For example, the end- system may use this indication to implement a protocol that adaptively lowers the cell rate of the connection during congestion or impending congestion. A network element that is not in a congestion state or an impending congestion state will not modify the value of this indication. Impending congestion is the state when a network equipment is operating around its engineered capacity level. EFF Electronic Frontier Foundation. An organisation working on civil rights issues in networking EFS Error Free Seconds: A unit used to specify the error performance of T carrier systems, usually expressed as EFS per hour, day, or week. This method gives a better indication of the distribution of bit errors than a simple bit error rate (BER). Also refer to SES. EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)A reachability routing protocol used by gateways in a two-level internet. EGP is used in the Internet core system. EGP See External Gateway Protocol (EGP) /. EHTS Emacs HyperText System: an experimental multiuser hypertext hypertext system from the University of Aalborg. It consists of a text editor (based on Epoch Epoch and GNU GNU Emacs Emacs and written in elisp) and a graphical browser browser (based on XView XView and written in C) running under the X Window System X-Window-System and OpenWindows OpenWindows Both tools use HyperBase HyperBase as database. EIA Electronic Industries Association. EIF See Event Integration Facility (EIF) /. Eiffel An object-oriented object-oriented programming language developed by B.Meyer et al. and commercialised by ISE ISE - . /Eiffel Eiffel shelf A set of user-contributed classes class available with the Eiffel Eiffel system. EIS Executive Information System. EJO Electronic Journals Online. A service of the OCLC OCLC. ELAN Emulated Local Area Network: A logical network initiated by using the mechanisms defined by LAN Emulation. This could include ATM and legacy attached end stations. Electronic Mail A system allowing computer users to exchange messages via a network. electronic mail See mail /m. electronic mail(e-mail or email) Typed messages sent on a computer network rather than on paper. element A single member of an array, referred to with an index. Ellemtel A C++ C++style guide originated by Ellemtel Telecom Systems, Stockholm. ELOT The Greek standards association. ELSA Electronic Library Services and Applications. A library of reusable public domain software supported by NASA emacs A popular editor and associated utilities for UNIX UNIX from the FSF FSF EMAIL - A method by which one person can send messages to another. Distance and location are not relevant to email. E-MAIL E-mail is Electronic Mail. It is a way of sending letters, sales notices, brochures, and more over the Internet. E-mail is primarily text based , however, so you must be creative in how you send sales notices and brochures when doing it via e-mail. E-MAIL ALIAS An E-mail aliase account is sometimes called a forwarding account. This type of e-mail allows you to appear to have an address on one domain, yet behind the scenes the mail is forwarded on to your real e-mail account. EMAIL POP An e-mail POP account is an actual physical e-mail box and User ID located on the server for which the address is made. When e-mail is sent to a real POP account, the mail is stored on the server until the user logs in with their e-mail software and downloads it. email See Electronic mail Electronic-mail. E-mail See Electronic mail Electronic-mail. e-mail See mail /m. EMDIR The CERN Electronic Mail DIRectory utility. EMI Electromagnetic Interference: Equipment used in high speed data systems, including ATM, that generate and transmit many signals in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Interference to other equipment or radio services may result if sufficient power from these signals escape the equipment enclosures or transmission media. National and international regulatory agencies (FCC, CISPR, etc.) set limits for these emissions. Class A is for industrial use and Class B is for residential use. EML Element Management Layer: An abstraction of the functions provided by systems that manage each network element on an individual basis. EMOTICONS - Emoticons are ASCII character-based symbols that help clarify online communication. Here are some examples : When you type: It means: When you type: It means: :-) Smile :/ Chagrin :-( Frown :-* Kiss ;-) Wink =:-0 Scared :D Laugh :-p Sticking out tongue EMS Element Management System: A management system that provides functions at the element Management Layer. EMX See Enterprise Mail Exchange (EMX) /. Encapsulation The ability to provide users with a well-defined interface to a set of functions in a way which hides their internal workings. In object-oriented object-oriented programming, the technique of keeping together data structures and the methods method(procedures) which act on them. ENCODING - Encoding translates an attachment to a form that eases its transmission over the Internet. When an encoded file is received, it must be decoded. There are a variety of encoding schemes, including MIME, Base 64, UUEncode on the PC, and Binhex on the Macintosh. end of input Usually the Cntrl-D character. End Station These devices (e.g., hosts or PCs) enable the communication between ATM end stations and end stations on "legacy" LAN or among ATM end stations. end user See user /u. enter key In a Unix shell, pressing Enter means that you have just typed a command and you want Unix to do it. In a text editor, pressing Enter means you want to begin a new line. The Enter key and the Return key usually do the same thing( your keyboard may have one, the other, or both). Enterprise Mail Exchange (EMX) A product by SoftSwitch, Inc., that acts as a protocol converter for electronic mail between the Unix/SMTP /s, IBM /i 3090/DISSOS /d, and cc:Mail protocols. Entity-Relationship An approach to data modelling proposed by P.Chen in 1976. Entity-Relationship diagram A type of diagram used in the Entity-Relationship Entity-Relationship model. Entry Border Node The node which receives a call over an outside link. This is the first node within a peer group to see this call. EOM End of Message: An indicator used in the AAL that identifies the last ATM cell containing information from a data packet that has been segmented. EOQ European Organization for Quality. E-OTD; Enhanced Observed Time Difference is a mobile location system that uses different between time of arrival, at the handset and at a nearby locator, of a signal transmitted by the mobile network to pin-point the devices position. EOUG European ORACLE ORACLE Users Group. EPCS Experimental Physics Control Systems: a group of the European Physical Society, focussing on all aspects of controls, especially informatics, in experimental physics, including accelerators and experiments. EPIC Electronic Privacy Information Center. A US center working on privacy issues relating to the National Information Infrastructure EPICS Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System. Software for accelerator, experiment, and process control from ANL and LANL EPO European Patent Office EPOC: Operating system specifically designed for mobile devices by Symbian, a consortium formed of Psion, Ericsson, Matsushita, Nokia and Motorola. It is best known for its implementation on Psion PDAs and Ericsson R380 mobile phones. Epoch A version of GNU Emacs for the X Window system from NCSA NCSA. EPS Encapsulated PostScript PostScript - . /Graphics EQA European Quality Award for process improvement. ER Entity-Relationship Entity-Relationship. ER Explicit Rate: The Explicit Rate is an RM-cell field used to limit the source ACR to a specific value. It is initially set by the source to a requested rate (such as PCR). It may be subsequently reduced by any network element in the path to a value that the element can sustain. ER is formatted as a rate. ERA Entity-Relationship Entity-Relationship-Attribute. ERC An extended entity-relationship entity-relationship model . ERCIM European Research Consortium on Informatics and Mathematics. An association of European research organizations promoting cooperative research on key issues in information technology ERCS Extended Reference Concrete Syntaxes for SGML, to support East Asian and other non-English languages ERD Entity-relationship diagram. ergonomics The study of the problems of people in adjusting their environment to themselves. Error control An arrangement that combines error detection and error correction. Error Correction A method used to correct erroneous data produced during data transmission, transfer, or storage. ES End System: A system where an ATM connection is terminated or initiated. An originating end system initiates the ATM connection, and terminating end system terminates the ATM connection. OAM cells may be generated and received. ESA European Space Agency - /ESA on ESA software standards. escape key The key labeled Escape or Esc. What this key does depends on the program you are using. The vi editor uses it to switch from input mode to command mode. ESF Eureka Software Factory. ESF Extended Superframe: A DS1 framing format in which 24 DS0 times lots plus a coded framing bit are organized into a frame which is repeated 24 times to form a superframe. ESI End System Identifier: This identifier distinguishes multiple nodes at the same level in case the lower level peer group is partitioned. ESI European Software Institute. A network of organisations co-operating in strategic planning of process improvement ESIS Element Structure Information Set produced by SGM parsers. ESML Extended Systems Modelling Language: a real-time real-time software engineering methodology based on RTSA RTSA. ESMTP See Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP) /. ESPIF European Software Process Improvement Foundation - . /ESPIF Esprit A funding programme to develop Informatics in the EEC. - . /RTD-help Estelle A formal description technique developed for OSI protocol specification. ESUG European Smalltalk Users' Group. Ethernet A 10-megabit/second local area network developed by Xerox and now widely adopted. Hosts are connected to a coaxial cable, and transmission conflicts are avoided by backing off and re-sending later. IEEE IEEE standard 802.3 defines the hardware and transport layers of the network. Ethernet The most popular Data Link layer standard for local area networking. Ethernet implements the carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) method of arbitrating multiple computers access to same network. This standard supports the use of Ethernet over any type of media including wireless broadcast. Standard Ethernet operates at 10 Mbps. Fast Ethernet operates at 100Mbps. See Data Link Layer. ETLA Extended Three Letter Acronym. ETM An active DBMS active-DBMSfrom the University of Karlsruhe. ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute. ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute: The primary telecommunications standards organization. ETSI: European Telecommunication Standards Institutes. EUnet The European UNIX network: an Internet Internet service provider. . /EUnet Eureka A European technological development programme. EuropaNET A combination of pan-European backbone services run by DANTE DANTE. EUSIDIC European Association of Information Services - . /EUSIDIC EUUG European UNIX UNIX User Group. event A condition, often the result of a user's action, that can be detected by a script. Event Integration Facility (EIF) Defines and forwards management events from existing applications to the Enterprise Console, and provides facilities to process the events. EWOS European Workshop for Open Systems. Excelerator A set of CASE tools CASE-tools from Index Technology Corp. Exception A connectivity advertisement in a PNNI complex node representation that represents something other than the default node representation. exception An indication that some event of particular interest has occurred, such as an error in a procedure, an authorization failure or any other unanticipated event. Generally, an indication that a request was not performed successfully. executable file A file that Unix can run like a program. An executable file can contain binary machine instructions the computer knows how to execute, or it can contain a shell script (a list of Unix shell commands) that Unix knows how to execute. Exit Border Node The node that will progress a call over an outside link. This is the last node within a peer group to see this call. eXodus A package from White Pines allowing the Macintosh to be used as an X server X-server. EXODUS An extensible database project developed at the University of Wisconsin. Expert system An intelligent computer program that contains a knowledge base, specialized software, and a set of algorithms or rules that infer new facts from knowledge and from incoming data. Express A data modelling language adopted by the ISO ISO working group on STEP STEP. expression A combination of variables, constants, and operators that can be evaluated to a single value. eXtended Markup Language (XML) A superset of HyperText Markup Language (HTML) /h and another language in the Standardized General Markup Language (SGML) /s family, used for instances /i of programs (such as clients /c or servers /s) to exchange information. Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP) Extensions to the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol /s, defined in RFC 1869 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1869.txt, that allow for additional features. Extensible database A DBMS DBMS that allows access to data from remote sources as if it were part of the database. Exterior Denotes that an item (e.g., link, node, or reachable address) is outside of a PNNI routing domain. Exterior Link A link which crosses the boundary of the PNNI routing domain. The PNNI protocol does not run over an exterior link. Exterior Reachable Address An address that can be reached through a PNNI routing domain, but which is not located in that PNNI routing domain. Exterior Route A route which traverses an exterior link. external command A command the shell does'nt actually know how to do. Instead, a program is stored in a file with the same name as the command. If you type the ed command (to run the dreadful ed editor), for example, Unix runs the program contained by a file named ed. eXternal Data Representation (XDR) A standard format (RFC 1832) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1832.txt for the common representation of data between diverse platforms. external firewall A firewall between a company and the outside world (Internet). Certain data (for example, mail and news) can flow unimpeded, but interactive sessions or scripts cannot affect data in either inbound or outbound directions. See also firewall /f, internet /i, Unix to Unix Copy (UUCP) /u. External Gateway Protocol (EGP) A protocol, defined in RFC 904 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc904.txt, that defines how a router should interact with external networks. EXUG European X User Group - . /EXUG F Fairness As related to Generic Flow Control (GFC), fairness is defined as meeting all the agreed quality of service (QOS) requirements, by controlling the order of service for all active connections. fast file system (FFS) The first major revision to the Unix file system, providing faster read access and faster (delayed, asynchronous) write access through a disk cache and better file system layout on disk. See also file system. FAT See File Allocation Table (FAT) /. FATMEN A distributed file and tape management system for HEP data FC Feedback Control: Feedback controls are defined as the set of actions taken by the network and by the end-systems to regulate the traffic submitted on ATM connections according to the state of network elements. FC See Fiber Channel (FC) /. FCS Frame Check Sequence: Any mathematical formula which derives a numeric value based on the bit pattern of a transmitted block of information and uses that value at the receiving end to determine the existence of any transmission errors. FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)A network specification that transmits information packets using light produced by a laser or light-emitting diode (LED). FDDI uses fiber-optic cable and equipment to transmit data packets. It has a data rate of up to 100 Mbps and allows very long cable distances. FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface: A 100 Mbps Local Area Network standard that was developed by ANSI that is designed to work on fiber-optic cables, using techniques similar to token-ring. FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface: a new ANSI ANSI standard for a 100 megabits/second fibre optic token ring local area network local-area-network FDDI See Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) /. FEA Finite Element Analysis. Feature An attribute or function of a class class in Eiffel Eiffel. FEBE Far End Block Error: A maintenance signal transmitted in the PHY overhead that a bit error(s) has been detected at the PHY layer at the far end of the link. This is used to monitor bit error performance of the link. FEC Forward Error Correction: A technique for detection and correction of errors in a digital data stream. FECN See Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) /. Feed-forward A multilayer perceptron perceptron network in which the outputs from all neurons (see McCulloch-Pitts McCulloch-Pitts) go to following but not preceding layers, so there are no feedback loops. FFS See fast file system (FFS) /. FFT Fast Fourier Transform FG Functional Group: A collection of functions related in such a way that they will be provided by a single logical component. Examples include the Route Server Functional Group (RSFG), the IASG (Internetwork Address Sub-Group), Coordination Functional Group (ICFG), the Edge Device Functional Group (EDFG) and the ATM attached host Behavior Functional Group (AHFG). Fiber Channel (FC) A high-speed networking standard for disks whose underlying medium is fiber optics. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) A high-speed networking standard (RFC 1285 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1285.txt and RFC 1512 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1512.txt) whose underlying medium is fiber optics. The topology is dual-attached, counter-rotating Token Ring. field-replacable unit (FRU) A hardware component that can be replaced in the field, as opposed to at the factory. file A bunch of information stored together with a name. A file can contain text, programs, or data in any format. File Allocation Table (FAT) A table that the operating system on a personal computer uses to locate files on a disk. Due to fragmentation, a file may be divided into many sections that are scattered around the disk. The FAT keeps track of all these pieces. See also superblock /s. file system A hierarchical structure of data on one or more disks or partitions. The actual structural details depend on the file system type. See Andrew File System (AFS) /a, Common Internet File System (CIFS) /c, distributed file system (DFS) /d, Fast File System (FFS) /f, Hierarchical File System (HFS) /h, Institutional File System (IFS) /i, Network File System (NFS) /n, and Unix File System (UFS) /u. file system A set of files stored on a disk or on one partition of a disk. A file system has one root directory that contains files and subdirectories. These subdirectories can in turn contain files and other directories. file transfer Copying files from one computer to another. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) A TCP /t/IP /i protocol (RFC 959) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc959.txt specifying the transfer of text or binary files across the network. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)A TCP/IP protocol that permits the transferring of files between computers systems. Because FTP has been implemented on numerous types of computers systems, file transfer can be done between different computer systems (e.g., a personal computer and a minicomputer). FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL(FTP) FTP is a very common method of moving files between two Internet sites. it is a special way to login to another Internet site for the purposes of retrieving and/or sending files. There are many Internet sites that have established publicly accessible repositories of material that can be obtained using FTP, by logging in using the account name 'anonymous'. Thus, these sites are called anonymous FTP servers. filter A small Unix program used with input or output redirection. The most commanly used filters are the more and sort commands. FIMS Form Interface Management System. FINGER - Finger is a program which shows you information about your account or other accounts, not all Internet users have access to finger. FIPS Federal Information Processing Standard: U.S. Government standards. firewall A logical or physical discontinuity in a network to prevent unauthorized access to data or resources. See also external firewall /e. FITS Flexible Image Transport System. The standard data interchange and archive format of the astronomy community - . /SciDataFormats fixed disk A disk that used to be broken but that now works.No sorry!See disk. flag See option. FLAME - A message in which someone is insulted is called a "flame". Flicker Lit condition of the display caused by mismatch of phosphor and Vertical refresh when the phosphor begins to decay prior to being refreshed giving the display the appearance of "flashing". Floppy A Fortran coding convention checker. The latest version has a feature for generating HTML floppy disk A removable disk, also called a diskette. Flush Protocol The flush protocol is provided to ensure the correct order of delivery of unicast data frames. FNAL Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Illinois, USA). Focus Sharpness of a pixel or series of pixels on the CRT face plate. Also measured as the spot size. folder A file that contains electronic-mail messages you have decided to save. FOOM Formal Formal-methods Object Oriented Object-oriented Method. FOOT Forum for Object Oriented Technology at CERN foreground A program currently able to talk to your terminal. Foreign Address An address that does not match any of a given node's summary addresses. Foresight A software product from Nu Thena providing graphical modelling tools for high level system design and simulation fork When Unix starts a new process, it does so by cloning an existing process. The cloning process is known in Unix-ese as forking. Pronounce it carefully to avoid embarrassment. Formal methods Several formal approaches to program specification have been developed, such as those based on VDM VDM or Z. They can be used to develop software with high reliability, for safety-critical or high-volume applications - . /Formal FORML Formal Object Role Modeling Language. FORTH Greek FOundation for Research and Technology FORTRAN FORmula TRANslating system: a programming language widely used for many years in scientific applications. Forward delta The delta delta which, when combined with a version version, creates a child version. See change management change-management Forward engineering The traditional process of moving from high-level abstractions and logical, implementation-independent designs to the physical implementation of a system. Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) A bit in the Frame Relay / header that is set when the network router has detected congestion in the destination direction (or "foreward," from the packet's point of view). See also Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) /b. Forwarding Description The resolved mapping of an MPOA Target to a set of parameters used to set up an ATM connection on which to forward packets. FORWISS Bayerische Forschungszentrum fuer Wissensbasierte Systeme (Bavarian research centre for knowledge-based systems) in Passau - (in German). FOSI Formatted Output Specification Instance template for SGML SGML Fourth generation language A high-level language, usually non-procedural, to allow users inexperienced in programming to develop database applications. FPA Function Point function-point Analysis. FPM Function Point function-point Metric. FQDN See fully qualified domain name (FQDN) /. frag A partial block of data on disk (fragment). Typically there are 8 frags per block. The smallest frag is equal to a sector /s. fragmentation Storing files noncontiguously on a disk. Fragmentation increases the time it takes to read a file since the disk has to rotate more and the disk read heads have to seek more. Frame A data structure that network hardware devices use to transmit data between computers. Frames consist of the addresses of the sending and receiving computers on a shared media network. See Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring. frame relay A low-level network transport similar to Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) /a wherein frames or packets are relayed from one switch /s to another. FrameMaker Commercial publishing software available on a wide variety of workstations and addressing technical and scientific needs framework (Security.) Describes the interrelationships between different parts of a program or organization. Framework In object-oriented object-oriented systems, a set of classes class that embodies an abstract design for solutions to a number of related problems - . /Framework free list A list of unallocated blocks and inodes kept in the superblock. FreeHEP An organisation offering a repository of software and related information for high energy physics applications - . /FreeHEP Fresco An object-oriented object-oriented API API for graphical user interfaces, under development by the X consortium X-consortium as an open, multi-vendor standard. Friend Relationship between class classes in the language C++ C++. FRS Frame-Relay Service: A connection oriented service that is capable of carrying up to 4096 bytes per frame. FRTT Fixed Round-Trip Time: This is the sum of the fixed and propagation delays from the source to the furthest destination and back. FRU See field-replacable unit (FRU) /. FSF Free Software Foundation (675 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA): dedicated to promoting the development and use of free software, especially the GNU GNU system. FSM Finite State Machine. FTAM File Transfer, Access, and Management: an application layer protocol for file transfer and remote manipulation (ISO 8571). FTP - A term used to describe a program capable of downloading and uploading files from the internet. It also describes the lower level protocol used by such a program. File Transfer Protocol. FTP - File Transfer Protocol. A software method by which files are moved from one computer on the Internet to another. FTP A file-transfer program that enables you to log in to another computer and transfer files to or from your computer. FTP File Transfer Protocol (based on TCP/IP TCP/IP). Also the name of a utility program available on several operating systems which makes use of this protocol to access and transfer files on remote computers. FTP See File Transfer Protocol (FTP) /. FTP See File Transfer Protocol. FTR Formal Technical Review. A software engineering technique - . /FTR Full-custom A technique used for the design of integrated circuits that involves the manipulation of circuit designs at the semiconductor device level. Full-Duplex A method of transmitting information over an asynchronous communications channel, in which signals may be sent in both directions simultaneously. This technique makes the best use of line time but substantially increases the amount of logic required in the primary and secondary stations. fully qualified domain name (FQDN) A host specification including the entire domain /d structure complete to the top-level domain /t (.com, .edu, .mil, and so on), in host.site.domain.name format. function A group of JavaScript statements that can be referred to using a function name and arguments. Function point A unit for estimating the functionality of a program - . /Function-point Functional language A general purpose, high-level programming language based on the mathematical notion of functions. A functional program consists of a set of (possibly recursive) function definitions. Its execution consists of the evaluation of a function . Programs written in a functional language are generally compact and elegant, but tend to run slowly and consume a lot of memory. Functional programming See Functional language Functional-language FUSE A DEC software development environment for ULTRIX ULTRIX, offering an integrated toolkit for developing, testing, debugging and maintainance. Fusion An object oriented object-oriented analysis and design method developed by Hewlett Packard - . /Fusion Futurebus+ A high performance bus system specified by IEEE IEEE Std.896.2 Fuzzy logic An alternative to traditional logic where truth values range between 0.0 and 1.0, with 0.0 representing absolute Falseness and 1.0 representing absolute Truth - . /Fuzzy FVWM A window manager window-manager for the X Window System X-Window-System derived from twm FWEB See Literate Programming Literate-Programming FWF Free Widget Widget Foundation - . /FWF G G.703 ITU-T Recommendation G.703, "Physical/Electrical Characteristics of Hierarchical Digital Interfaces". G.704 ITU-T Recommendation G.704, "Synchronous Frame Structures Used at Primary and Secondary Hierarchy Levels". G.804 ITU-T Recommendation G.804, "ATM Cell Mapping into Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)". G2 A real-time real-time expert system expert-system from Gensym Corporation. gadget A dialog control that presents application output in some form and provides a way for an application to receive administrator input. gadget library Object-oriented abstractions for manipulating dialogs. GAIA GUI GUI Application Interoperability Architecture project of OSF OSF GAMS Guide to Available Mathematical Software at NIST GANDALF A software development environment from Carnegie Mellon University. Garbage collection The process of reclaiming storage which is no longer in use. Garnet A user interface development environment for Common Lisp Lisp and X or Macintosh from Carnegie Mellon gateway A connection between one network and another, usually networks of different types. Gateway In e-mail systems, a system used to send and receive e-mail from a different e-mail system, such as a mainframe or the Internet. Gateways are supported by Message Handling Services (MHS). gateway See router /r. GBIP General Purpose Interface Bus (IEEE IEEE 488). GCA Graphic Communications Association. GCAC Generic Connection Admission Control: This is a process to determine if a link has potentially enough resources to support a connection. GCC Gnu Gnu C Compiler. GCRA Generic Cell Rate Algorithm: The GCRA is used to define conformance with respect to the traffic contract of the connection. For each cell arrival the GCRA determines whether the cell conforms to the traffic contract. The UPC function may implement the GCRA, or one or more equivalent algorithms to enforce conformance. The GCRA is defined with two parameters: the Increment (I) and the Limit (L). GDB Gnu Gnu DeBugger. GDMO Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects. A standard (ISO/IEC 10165-4 / ITU-T Rec. X.722) for defining data models on ASN.1 ASN.1 GEANT A simulation, tracking and drawing package for HEP GEI A German software engineering company. General Protection Fault (GPF) Effectively, a crash of a Windows NT system. Generic Markup In computerised document preparation, a method of adding information to the text indicating the logical components of a document, such as paragraphs, headers or footnotes: SGML SGML is an example of such a system. Specific instructions for layout of the text on the page do not appear in the markup. Genericity The possibility for a language to provided parameterized modules or types. e.g. List(of:Integer) or List(of:People). Genesia An expert system expert-system developed by Electricite de France and commercialised by STERIA (Paris). GEN-X An expert system expert-system developed by General Electric. GEOS An object-oriented operating system project GFC Generic Flow Control: GFC is a field in the ATM header which can be used to provide local functions (e.g., flow control). It has local significance only and the value encoded in the field is not carried end-to-end. ghostscript The gnu gnuPostScript PostScriptinterpreter. ghostview An X window interface to the ghostscript ghostscriptinterpreter. GID See group ID (GID) /. GIF - A graphic format commonly found on web pages. Its main claim to fame is its ability to handle artwork very well. GIF Graphics Interchange Format: a standard for digitised images compressed with the LZW LZW algorithm - . /Graphics GIF See Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) /. GILS Government Information Locator Service. A plan for a decentralised collection of information locators and associated public services to find information throughout the US government. GINA Generic INteractive Application. A toolkit of useful classes and functions for authoring GUI GUIs built on CLM, CLX CLX and CLOS CLOS, from GMD GMD GKS Graphical Kernel System: a standard for graphics I/O (ANSI X3.124) - . /Graphics GKS-3D The three-dimensional version of GKS GKS, a standard for graphics I/O (ISO 8805). GL A graphics package from Silicon Graphics. glue record A record in DNS /d to provide the IP addresses for a subdomain specified as self-responsible via a previous NS /d record. GLUT OpenGL OpenGL Utility Toolkit - . /GLUT GMD Gesellschaft fuer Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung (German Institute for Mathematics and Data Processing), D-53754 Sankt Augustin - . gopher://vm.gmd.de/ GNAT The GNU GNU NYU Ada Ada 95 compiler - . /GNAT GNU GNU 's Not UNIX: a popular range of portable software from FSF FSF, upwardly compatible with UNIX UNIX - . /GNU GOOD An object-oriented object-oriented framework framework for graphical applications from TU Ilmenau running under X Windows X-Window-System with special support to IRIS GL, OpenGL OpenGL, VOGL, etc. - . /GOOD Gopher A Campus Wide Information System designed at the University of Minnesota Gopher An Internet tool that organizes topics into a menu system that users can employ to find information. Gopher also transparently connects users with the Internet server on which the information resides. GOSIP (Government OSI Profile) AU.S Government procurement specification for OSI (Open System Internet connection) protocols. GPF See General Protection Fault (GPF) /. GPIB General Purpose Interface Bus: an 8-bit parallel bus (IEEE IEEE 488). GPM General Purpose Macrogenerator written by C. Strachey around 1965. The author said "It contains in itself all the undesirable features of every possible machine code... It can also be almost impenetrably opaque". GPRS: General Packet Radio Services is an ETSI standard and is the first implementation of a packet switched wireless protocol, is that GPRS only uses the network when data is to be sent. GPRS enables uses to send data at speeds of up to 115 Kb per second. GPRS is often referred to as "always on" technology. Because it is particularly well suited to a "burst" type of data transmission, it effectively brings IP capabilities (e-mail, Internet access) to a GSM network. GPS: Global Positioning System is a satellite base radio positioning system that uses the US's NAVSTAR system to accurately provide positioning, velocity and time information to GPS device users. GQM Goal/Question/Metrics. A software engineering assessment method by V. Basili. graft Add a branch to a multipoint router network when a site on that branch subscribes to or asks to join a multicast /m call. Grammar A grammar is a mathematical system for defining a language, as well as a device for giving the sentences in the language a useful structure. Grapevine A distributed system project . graphical user interface (GUI) A screen-based (as opposed to a line-based) interface between the user and an application. Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) A graphics format pioneered by CompuServe that has a maximum of 256 colors, interlacing, and transparency (one color can be defined as transparent, allowing the background color to be visible); one of the most common graphics formats on the World Wide Web (WWW) /w. See also Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) /j. GRAS A public domain graph-oriented database system for software engineering applications from RWTH Aachen GRASPIN An Esprit Esprit project to develop a personal software engineering environment to support the construction and verification of distributed and non-sequential software systems. Grasshopper An experimental operating system for persistent systems GRIB GRid In Binary. World Meteorological Organization data format - . /SciDataFormats group alias A mail alias for a group of people; a mailing list. Consists of the group alias or mailing list, a request alias for submission and resignation requests, and an owner alias for problems. group ID (GID) A numeric value for the user account's group permissions. Groupware see CSCW CSCW. GROW GNU GNU Remote Operations Web. An architecture for building networked applications and services using WWW. GSM: Global System for Mobil communication is the prevailing mobile standard for Europe and the Asia Pacific region. GSM operates in the900 MHz and 1800 MHz (1900MHz in the US) frequency bands. GUI A graphical user interface. GUIs let you use the computer by pointing at things with a mouse rather than typing commands. The most common Unix GUIs are Motif, OPEN LOOK, and the X window system. GUIs sometimes are called windowing systems. GUI Graphical User Interface. GUI See graphical user interface (GUI) /. Guide A hypertext hypertext system from the University of Kent (GB) and OWL for displaying online documentation . GUIDE Graphical User Interface Development Environment from Sun. guidelines (Security.) Recommended actions to follow in implementing the current policy /p. Guidelines should always be considered in the context of the best business practices. Guidelines change with the bank computer environment. Adherence to guidelines is advisable but discretionary. GUILE An interpreter for the GROW GROW project. gunzip The decompression utility corresponding to gzip gzip. gzip A compression compression utility available with the gnu gnusoftware. H h A simple markup Markup language intended for quick conversion of existing text to hypertext hypertext - . /h H&H See Hoot & Holler (H&H) /. H0 Channel A 384 kbps channel that consists of six contiguous DS0s (64 kbps) of a T1 line. H10 Channel The North American 1472 kbps channel from a T1 or primary rate carrier. This is equivalent to twenty-three (23) 64 kbps channels. H11 Channel The North American primary rate used as a single 1536 kbps channel. This channel uses 24 contiguous DS0s or the entire T1 line except for the 8 kbps framing pattern. H12 The European primary rate used as a single 1920 kbps channel (30 64 kbps channels or the entire E1 line except for the 64 kbps framing and maintenance channel. hacker One who uses a computer beyond its original design to accomplish a task. See also cracker /c. Half-duplex A Method of transmitting information over a communication channel, in which signals may be sent in both directions, but only one way at a time. This is sometimes referred to as local echo. Handshaking In network communication, a process used to verify that a connection has been established correctly. Devices send signals back and forth to establish parameters for communication. Hardware Address See Media Access Control (MCA) Address. Hardware description language A language used for the conceptual design of integrated circuits. Examples are VHDL VHDL and Verilog Verilog. hardware The physical components of your computer system, that is, the boxes. Your computer hardware may include the computer, terminal, keyboard, screen, modem, printer, mouse, trackball, diskdrive, and even a scanner. Harmony A real-time real-time operating system developed by the SEL SEL in Canada. Harvest An information discovery and access system for the Internet Internet from the University of Colorado Haskell A functional language functional-language (Hudak et al.). HBFG Host Behavior Functional Group: The group of functions performed by an ATM-attached host that is participating in the MPOA service. HBOOK A histogramming package in the CERN program library hc The compiler for the h hyperbook language. H-Channel H-Channels are ISDN bearer services that have pre-defined speeds, starting and stopping locations on a PRI and are contiguously transported from one PRI site through networks to another PRI site. HCI Human Computer Interface (or Interaction). HCS Heterogeneous Computer System: a distributed system project . HDF Hierarchical Data Format from NCSA NCSA- . /HDF HDL Hardware description language Hardware-description-language. HDLC High Level Data Link Control: An ITU-TSS link layer protocol standard for point-to-point and multi-point communications. HDTV High Definition Television. Header Protocol control information located at the beginning of a protocol data unit. header The first five bytes of an ATM /a cell /c, containing information on flow control, virtual path and channel, payload type, cell urgency, and a header-only checksum. header The first part of an electronic-mail message that contains the address of the sender and recipient, the subject, and lots of other stuff that is less interesting. Hebbian Refers to the most common way for a neural network to learn, namely supervised learning. Using a training sample which should produce known responses, the connection weights are adjusted so as to minimize the differences between the desired and actual outputs for the training sample. HEC Header Error Control: Using the fifth octet in the ATM cell header, ATM equipment may check for an error and corrects the contents of the header. The check character is calculated using a CRC algorithm allowing a single bit error in the header to be corrected or multiple errors to be detected. Helix A hardware description language from Silvar-Lisco. Hello Packet A type of PNNI Routing packet that is exchanged between neighboring logical nodes. HEP High Energy (Particle) Physics. HEPDB A database management system for HEP HEPiX A recently formed collaboration among various HEP institutes aiming at providing "compatible" versions of the UNIX UNIX operating system at their sites - . /HEPiX HEPnet An association concerned with networking requirements for high energy physicists - . /HEPnet HEPVM A collaboration among various HEP institutes to implement "compatible" versions of IBM's VM-CMS operating system at their sites. HERA An electron-proton collider at DESY, W. Germany. Hermes An experimental object-oriented object-orienteddistributed systems language from IBM Watson Research Centre. Hesiod The name server of the Athena Athena project. Heuristic A rule of thumb, simplification or educated guess that reduces or limits the search for solutions in domains that are difficult and poorly understood. Unlike algorithms, heuristics do not guarantee solutions. Hewlett-Packard* A manufacturer of workstations, electronic instrumentation and test equipment etc. HFS See Hierarchical File System (HFS) /. hidden file A file with a filename that begins with a period. These files do not appear on regular ls directory listings. Use ls -a to include hidden files in your home directory, or in subdirectories of your home directory. Hierarchical File System (HFS) (General) A structured, hierarchical file system /f, such as the fast file system (FFS) /f or the Unix File System (UFS) /u. (Specific) The hierarchical file system used on the Macintosh system in MacOS 6 through MacOS 9. Deprecated in MacOS X. Hierarchically Complete Source Route A stack of DTLs representing a route across a PNNI routing domain such that a DTL is included for each hierarchical level between and including the current level and the lowest visible level in which the source and destination are reachable. High Performance Peripheral Interface (HiPPI) A high-speed (800Mb/sec or 1.6Gb/sec, depending on the width) network interface connection, typically to one or more mainframes or supercomputers. High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) A serial interface that runs on high speeds. High voltage regulation Ability of the high voltage to respond to changes in beam current. Good high voltage regulation means a stable display even when changing between different intensity levels. HIGZ High Level Interface to Graphics and Zebra Zebra. Part of the PAW PAWsystem HINFO record See DNS record types, HINFO record /d. HiPAC An active DBMS active-DBMS from Xerox Advanced Information Technology. HIPPI HIgh Performance Parallel Interface: a 100 Mbyte/sec data transfer system with associated interfaces and switches, developed at Los Alamos National Lab and now ANSI ANSI standard X3T9/88-127. HiPPI See High Performance Peripheral Interface (HiPPI) /. HISTORIAN A source code management code-managementsystem sold by OPCODE, Inc.. History For on the history of computing, see the The Virtual Museum of Computing HOL An interactive theorem proving system based on Higher Order Logic home directory The directory you start in when you log in, usually a subdirectory of /usr. You should keep your files in your home directory, or in subdirectories of your home directory. Home Page The starting point for a WWW session. Many system adminstrators set up "home pages" which are the default page shown when a user begins a session. These pages usually have a lot of options and menu items that apply to that particular institution and then have links to other places. Here is the CERN home page . HOOD Hierarchical Object Oriented Design: a method for Architectural Design primarily for software to be developed in Ada, leading to automated checking, documentation and source code generation. Hoot & Holler (H&H) A dedicated point-to-point voice facility between international offices of a trading facility. hop A direct path from one node to another, with a hop count of 1. See hop count /. hop count A measure of distance between two nodes in an internet. A hop count of n means there are n-1 gateways between the source and the destination nodes. Hop-by-Hop Route A route that is created by having each switch along the path use its own routing knowledge to determine the next hop of the route, with the expectation that all switches will choose consistent hops such that the call will reach the desired destination. PNNI does not use hop-by-hop routing. Hope A functional language functional-language (Burstall et al. 1980). Hopfield John Hopfield in the early 1980's investigated a particular kind of neural network which is now commonly referred to as the Hopfield network or Hopfield model. In the Hopfield network, there are no special input or output neurons (see McCulloch-Pitts McCulloch-Pitts), but all are both input and output, and all are connected to all others in both directions (with equal weights in the two directions). Input is applied simultaneously to all neurons which then output to each other and the process continues until a stable state is reached, which represents the network output. Horizontal Frequency This indicates how long it takes to scan each of the Horizontal fines that make up the display. The unit of measurement is kilohertz (kHz). It is directly related to the number of lines and the Vertical Refresh (Frequency) so that the higher the Vertical Refresh or the number of lines, the higher the Horizontal frequency required. Horizontal Link A link between two logical nodes that belong to the same peer group. HITS - A term used by people with web pages. Used to describe the volume of traffic a particular web site may be receiving. HOP In routing, a server or router that is counted in a hop count. Hop Count The number of routers a message must pass through to reach its destination. A hop count is used to determine the most efficient network route. Host An addressable computer system on a TCP/IP network. Examples would include endpoint systems such as workstations, servers, minicomputers, mainframes, and immediate systems such as routers. A host is typically a system that offers resources to network nodes. Host Name A TCP/IP command that returns the local workstation's host name used for authentication by TCP/IP utilities. This value is the workstation's computer name by default, but it can be changed by using the Network icon in Control Panel. Host Table The HOSTS or LMHOSTS file that contains lists of known IP addresses. Host-to-Host Layer The DoD model layer that references to the Transport layer of the OSI model. host A computer, router, or workstation which may or may not be on a network. HOST In IPX Network this term is usually reserved for a server or a machine offering services to the LAN or WAN. An IPX based work station is not normally considered a host, IPX workstation, generally, doesn't make services available to the rest of the network.On TCP/IP networks, a host is either a workstation or a server. On IP network, both workstations and servers can offer services to the network. A workstation, for example, can commonly respond to PING requests. PING is the IP utility that briefly communicates with a remote host to determine the host status. HOST NAMES Each host on IP Network is assigned a unique software address called an Internet or IP address. This address uniquely identifies each host within your internet work. By convention, this address is usually represented in dotted decimal notation such as the address 217.17.20.19.Each segment or network on your internet work is also assigned a network address that represents a portion of the IP address of each host on the network. From a user point of view, it is convenient to associate a name to each hosts or network. HOST TABLES Host Tables is an ASCII file containing the names and address of systems that you commonly access. For example, if you are trying to establish a telnet session with the host Pugmarks.com, the file is examined to find internet address. The file generally look like this 202.19.162.27 Pugmarks.com. host alias A nickname for a host, such as "chimailhost" for the machine in Chicago that handles mail. Host Apparent Address A set of internetwork layer addresses which a host will directly resolve to host part The host-specific portion of a CIDR /c address. The host part identifies the specific interface on a host. HotJava A WWW WWW browser from Sun based on the Java Java language - . /Java hot spare A disk partition reserved for use in a stripe or mirror metadevice; in case an existing partition fails use a hot spare to recover data in place with no downtime and no data loss. See also Disk Suite /d. HP Hewlett-Packard Hewlett-Packard. HPLOT A graphical output facility for HBOOK HBOOK - HPPI An earlier name for HIPPI. HP-UX The version of UNIX running on Hewlett-Packard workstations. HP VEE Visual Engineering Environment from Hewlett-Packard: a package similar in intention to LabVIEW LabVIEW running on UNIX UNIX workstations with OSF OSF/Motif Motif. HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data is a circuit switched (as opposed to packet switched) protocol that extends the capabilities of GSM to increase its transmission speeds by up to 4 times its GSM equivalent (57.6 Kb per second). It achieves this by using 4 GSM time slots rather than one. HSSI See High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) /. HTF Hyper-G Text Format. The markup language for Hyper-G Hyper-G. HTML HyperText Markup Language. An SGML SGML document type used to mark up hypertext hypertext in the WWW WWW project - . /HTML HTTP HyperText Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The protocol used between client and server in the WWW WWW project. HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language, this is the computer layout script used to design the look of each Web page. HTML HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. HTML is a collection of platform-independent styles (indicated by markup tags) that define the various components of a World Wide Web document. HTML was invented by Tim Berners-Lee while at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics in Geneva. Confusing? OK: Basically HTML is the language used to make web pages. HTML Acronym for HyperText Markup Language. This is the format most commonly used by the documents that are on the Web. HTML See Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) /. HTML This too is an acronymn for the language that is used to write Web documents. It stands for HyperText Markup Language. Writing your own HTML files requires an understanding of the HTML syntax. HTML: Hyper Text Markup language is a text-based way of describing data for transmission over the Internet. HTML-NG: HTML Next Generation. HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is a protocol that defines the way in which a web server and a web client contact (handshake) each other. HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. This is the protocal used by most browsers when reading a web page. HTTP Acronym for HyperText Transfer Protocol. This is the means by which documents are transferred from Server to Browser on the Web. HTTP See HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP) /. hub Network hardware than centralizes a number of network terminal or workstation connections in a single area. Hub An Ethernet Data Link layer device that connects point-to-point Physical layer links, such as twisted pair or fiber -opt cables, into a single shared media network. See Data Link Layer, Ethernet. Huffman coding A terribly clever method of compressing information (like the stuff in your files) so that it takes up less space. human engineering See ergonomics /e. Hyperlink or Link When you are browsing pages on the Web, you will find that some of the text you see may be underlined or highlighted. This is telling you that there is about this underlined or highlighted word or phrase. If you are using a computer equipped with a mouse, then all you need to do is point the mouse to the underlined or highlighted word and click. You will be taken to the place which has this additional information. This could be at the same location or anywhere in the world. hypertext A method of presenting information where selected words in online text can be "expanded" into . HyperText Markup Language (HTML) A subset of the US government's Standardized General Markup Language (SGML) /s, HTML is the underlying base of the World Wide Web (WWW) /w. Even though SGML has a static definition, HTML is expandable because SGML defines a process for extending its subsets of tags. Defined in RFC 1866 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1866.txt. HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP) The protocol in the Internet Protocol (IP) /i family used to transport hypertext documents across an internet. Defined in RFC 1945 (v1.0) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1945.txt and RFC 2616 (v1.1) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2616.txt lower layer addresses. Hyper-G A hypertext hypertext system from TU Graz - . Hyper-Man A browser browser available with Epoch Epoch giving hypertext hypertext capability for the UNIX UNIX manual. HyperBase An experimental active multiuser database for hypertext hypertext systems from the University of Aalborg, written in C++ C++.It is built on the client-server model enabling distributed, concurrent, and shared access from workstations in a local area network. See EHTS EHTS. Hyperbole An information management and hypertext system - . /Hyperbole.txt Hypercard A software package for the Macintosh for storage and retrieval of information. It can handle images, and is designed for browsing. The powerful customisable interactive user interface allows new applications to be easily constructed by manipulating objects on the screen, often without conventional programming. Hypermedia Hypertext Hypertext systems where the nodes can contain text, graphics, audio, video, as well as source code or other forms of data - . /Hypermedia HyperNeWS A Hypertext Hypertext system from the Turing Institute Glasgow, based on NeWS NeWS. HyperODA ODA ODA extensions for hypermedia hypermedia. Hypertalk The language for writing procedures associated with objects in Hypercard Hypercard. Hypertext An approach to information management in which text is stored in a network of nodes connected by links. The nodes are meant to be viewed through an interactive browser. A link is something which connects a piece of text to a destination piece of text; the source and destination areas are usually marked on a display by highlighting or special graphics. You are reading hypertext now by courtesy of WWW - . HyTime Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language: an ANSI ANSI/ISO ISO Standard (ISO/IEC 10744) from the SGML SGML Users' Group's Special Interest Group on Hypertext Hypertext and Multimedia Multimedia (SIGhyper SIGhyper) - . /HyTime HYPERTEXT LINKS A Hypertext Link is a method of embedding a URL into an object, such as a segment of text, or an image. When this object is clicked on the browser then addresses the embedded URL to retrieve its WWW document. Hypertext Links are responsible for the "world wide" aspect of the web, as they make any Web server a simple click away from any other Web server. As a general rule of thumb, any colored words and graphics are normally linked and can be clicked on. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) The language used in Web documents. Javascript statements are not HTML, but can included within an HTML document. H.323: Handheld Device Markup Language is a subset of HTML and is a text bade way of defining data, sent for display on handheld devices through the use of a microbrowser. HDML's use is likely to disappear in favor of WWML or Web Clipping. I I.356 ITU-T Specifications for Traffic Measurement. I.361 B-ISDN ATM Layer Specification. I.362 B-ISDN ATM Layer (AAL) Functional Description. I.363 B-ISDN ATM Layer (AAL) Specification. I.432 ITU-T Recommendation for B-ISDN User-network Interface. I/O Input and output, that is, information going into or coming out of a program, computer, or other computer-type device. I/O redirection See redirection. IAB (Internet Activities Board)The technical body that oversees the development of the Internet suite of protocols (commonly referred to as TCP/IP). It has two task forces (the IRTF and the IETF), each charged with investigating a particular area. IAB See Internet Advisory Board (IAB) /. IAB The Internet Internet Architecture Board of the Internet Society - . /Internet IAD A dynamic analyser from IBM giving information on run time performance and code utilisation. IAFA Internet internet Anonymous FTP FTP Archives. An IETF IETF working group. IANA Internet internet Assigned Numbers Authority - . IANA See Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) /. IASG Internetwork Address Sub-Group: A range of internetwork layer addresses summarized in an internetwork layer routing protocol. IBM International Business Machines - IBM See International Business Machines (IBM) /. IBN The Belgian standards institute. ICADD International Committee for Accessible Document Design. Dedicated to making printed materials accessible to persons with print disabilities. Works on the generation of Braille, large print or electronically navigable editions of books from desktop publishing files - . gopher://gopher.mic.ucla.edu:4334/11/ICADD/info I-CASE Integrated CASE CASE: another term for an IPSE IPSE. ICCP Institute for Certification of Computing Professionals. ICD International Code Designator: This identifies an international organization. The registration authority for the International Code Designator is maintained by the British Standards Institute. The length of this field is two octets. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)A protocol at the Internet layer of the DoD model that sends messages between routers and other devices, letting them know of congested routes. ICMP See Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) /. icon A cute, little picture used in conjunction with a GUI. A well-designed icon is supposed to be an obvious, unmistakable symbol of whatever it stands for, occupy much less space than do the equivalent words, and be cute. In practice, many icons are peculiar little pictures with no obvious meaning. icon A visual representation of an object including a set of operations for the object. ICQ: Online instant messaging program developed by Mirabilis Ltd. ICR Initial Cell Rate: An ABR service parameter, in cells/sec, that is the rate at which a source should send initially and after an idle period. ICSI International Computer Science Isntitute at Berkeley, CA. - . /ICSI IDE Interactive Development Environments: a US Software Engineering Company. IDE See Integrated Disk Electronics (IDE) /. IDEA International Data Encryption Algorithm (used by PGP PGP). IDEN?: is Motorola's proprietary technology for Integrated Digital Enhanced Networks. It allows business users to take full advantage of wireless technology by combining the capabilities of a digital mobile phone, a two-way radio, an alphanumeric pager and a data/fax modem in a single mobile device. IDL Interactive Data Language. A package for interactive reduction, analysis, and visualization of scientific data, from Research Systems, Inc. - . /rsinc IDL Interface Definition Language: an OSF OSF standard for defining RPC RPC stubs. IDL Interface Definition Language: associated with the CORBA CORBA standard - . /IDL IDL See Interface Definition Language (IDL) /. IDP See Internetwork Datagram Protocol (IDP) /. IDSS Intelligent Decision Support Systems. IDU Interface Data Unit: The unit of information transferred to/from the upper layer in a single interaction across the SAP. Each IDU contains interface control information and may also contain the whole or part of the SDU. IEC Inter-exchange Carrier: A long distance telephone company. IEC International Electrotechnical Commission: a standardisation body at the same level as ISO ISO - . /ISO IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)A professional ANSI- accredited body of scientists and engineers based in the United States. IEEE promoters standardization, and consults to the American National Standards Institute on matters relating to electrical to electrical and electronic development. The IEEE 802 Standards Committee is the leading official standard organization for LANs. IEEE 1076 The IEEE IEEE standard for VHDL VHDL.. IEEE 488 The IEEE IEEE standard for GPIB GPIB. IEEE 802 The IEEE IEEE standards for local area networks (LAN LANs). The Ethernet Ethernet standard is 802.3, the IBM Token Ring Token-Ring is IEEE 802.5. IEEE 802.3 A Local Area Network protocol suite commonly known as Ethernet. Ethernet has either a 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps throughput and uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access bus with Collision Detection CSMA/CD. This method allows users to share the network cable. However, only one station can use the cable at a time. A variety of physical medium dependent protocols are supported. IEEE 802.5 A Local Area Network protocol suite commonly known as Token Ring. A standard originated by IBM for a token passing ring network that can be configured in a star topology. Versions supported are 4 Mbps and 16 Mbps. IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (USA) - . /IEEE IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: A worldwide engineering publishing and standards-making body for the electronics industry. IEF Information Engineering Facility. A CASE tool CASE-tools from Texas Instruments which generates code from graphical business process models. IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group)The executive committee of the IETF. IESG Internet Engineering Steering Group. Part of the Internet internet Society responsible for technical management of IETF IETF activities and the Internet Standards process - . /Internet IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)One of the task force of the IAB. The IETF is responsible for solving short-term engineering needs of the Internet. It has over 40 Working Groups. IETF Internet Engineering Task Force. A group of people who make technical and other contributions to the engineering and evolution of the Internet Internet and its technologies. It is the principal body engaged in the development of new Internet Standard specifications - . /Internet IETF Internet Engineering Task Force. This is a working group charged with developing new standards and technologies for adoption on the internet. IETF Internet Engineering Task Force: The organization that provides the coordination of standards and specification development for TCP/IP networking. IETF See Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) /. IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force is an international organization that defines and develops Internet standards specifications. IETM Interactive Electronic Technical Manual. IFAC International Federation of Automatic Control, involved in informatics related to control systems. IFDL Independent Form Description Language: DEC's language for describing form-based human interfaces in DECforms DECforms. IFIP International Federation of Information Processing - . /Internet IFPUG International Function-point Function-point Users Group IFS See Institutional File System (IFS) /. IGES Initial Graphics Exchange Specification an ASME/ANSI standard for the exchange of CAD CAD data. IGMP See Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) /. IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)The protocol used to exchange routing information between collaborating router in the Internet. RIP and OSPF are examples of IGPs. IGP See Internet Gateway Protocol (IGP) /. IIDMS/R Integrated database management system a DBMS from Cullinet Software Inc. IIIS International Institute of Informatics and Systemics. ILMI Integrated Local Managment Interface: An ATM Forum defined interim specification for network management functions between an end user and a public or private network and between a public network and a private network. This is based on a limited subset of SNMP capabilities. ILU Inter Language Unification. A system from Xerox PARC that promotes software interoperability via interfaces - . /ILU IM See Instance Manager (IM) /. IMAP INTERACTIVE MAIL ACCESS PROTOCOL. In communications: the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies available for transmission in any given range. In Networking: The transmission capacity of a computer or a communication channel stated in mega bits per second. IMAP See Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) /. IMAP: Internet Message Access Protocol for retriving e-mail messages. Immediate version See Child version Child-version. impact printers Printers that work by hitting a ribbon against the paper. They're old-fashioned, but they still work. IMS Information Management System a DBMS DBMS from IBM. IMSE Integrated Modelling Support Environment an Esprit Esprit programme. IMT-2000: International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 is an ITU concept that defines that group of technological solutions that enable 3rd Generation mobile systems. Increment To increase the value of a variable by one. In JavaScript, this is done with the increment operator, ... incremental backup A backup copy of only the files that have changed since the last full backup. Independent Software Vendor (ISV) A company that sells software that was originally created or manufactured by a different company. INCOSE International Council on Systems Engineering. An international organization formed to develop nurture and enhance the system engineering approach to multi-disciplinary system product development . INDEX (Multiple meanings) (a) A term used to describe a web page which contains links to other webpages of a specific category. (b) Another term used to describe the means by which a search engine catalogs a web site. (c) Most commonly, the main or starting page of a website. individual alias A mail alias for an individual user. Induced Uplink An uplink "A" that is created due to the existence of an uplink "B" in the child peer group represented by the node that created uplink "A". Both "A" and "B" share the same upnode, which is higher in the PNNI hierarchy than the peer group in which uplink "A" is seen. Inference engine A program that infers facts from a set of knowledge or inputs. Inference The logical process by which new facts are derived from known facts. infinite loop See recursion /r. INFN Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare an Italian State research organisation . Informix A relational DBMS relational-DBMS vendor. INGRES A relational DBMS relational-DBMS vendor. Inheritance In object-oriented object-oriented programming, the ability to derive new classes from existing classes. A derived class class inherits the instance variables and methods of the base class, and may add new instance variables and methods. A new method method may be defined with the same names as one in the base class, in which case it overrides the original one. inkjet printers Printers that work by spitting tiny drops of ink at the page. They are quiet relatively fast. inode Pointer to a data block or another inode. input mode When you use the ed or vi text editors, you are either in command mode or input mode. In input mode, whatever you type is entered into the file. INRIA Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique, French computer science research institute. Inside Link Synonymous with horizontal link. instance A particular object of an object type. Instance ID A subset of an object's attributes which serve to uniquely identify a MIB instance. Instance Manager (IM) Provides the fundamental operations that support the management of multiple instances of an object type. Instantiation A more precisely defined version of some object which was already partially defined. In object-oriented object-oriented programming, a particular example of an object produced from its class template. Institutional File System (IFS) A specific instance of a distributed file system (DFS) /d, based on the Andrew File System (AFS) /a developed at CMU /c, allowing multiple file systems /f to be shared between organizations and treated, at the user interface level, as one giant file system. Modified by IBM / and in use at The University of Michigan. Integrated Disk Electronics (IDE) Also known as Advanced Technology Adapter (ATA) /a, an interface for mass storage devices, in which the controller is integrated into the disk or CD-ROM drive. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Combines voice and digital network services in a single medium. Defined in RFC 2127 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2127.txt. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)A new network standard that allows high-speed communication over ordinary category 3 or 5 copper cabling. It may someday replace conventional phone systems with high-speed, digital lines. InterBase A commercial active DBMS active-DBMS. interface A description of a set of possible operations that a client may request of an object. A listing of the operations and attributes that an object provided. Interface Architect An interface builder for Motif Motif distributed by Hewlett-Packard (see UIMX UIMX). Interface Definition Language (IDL) OMG /o CORBA /c specification providing a standard language for defining the interfaces to objects that clients call and object implementations provide. Interior Denotes that an item (e.g., link, node, or reachable address) is inside of a PNNI routing domain. Interlaced Method of significantly increasing data densities at conventional Horizontal scan rates. Half the image is refreshed (every other scan line) to produce a field. Two fields are refreshed at rates of 87 Hz forming one 43.5 Hz frame. Causes flicker on the display. Interleaf A document preparation system available on the Sun, VAX, Apollo and other workstations. INTERLINK A commercial product comprising hardware and software for file transfer between IBM and VAX computers. Intermedia A hypertext hypertext system developed by a research group at IRIS IRIS (Brown University). Intermedia Interchange Format A Standard Hypertext Hypertext Interchange format from IRIS IRIS. Intermetrics A software engineering company . internal firewall A firewall between two or more subnets within a company. See also firewall /f. Internal Reachable Address An address of a destination that is directly attached to the logical node advertising the address. International Business Machines (IBM) One of the major mainframe computer manufacturers, as well as a personal computer designer. Manufacturer of many mainframes. International Standard Organizations (ISO) A worldwide federation of national standards bodies whose objective is to promote the development of standardization and related activities in over 90 countries, with a view to facilitating international exchange of goods and services. International Standards Organization (ISO) An organization responsible for determining standards, including standards on computer hardware and protocols. International Telecommunications Union (ITU) The committee that defines telecommunications standards, like Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) /a and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) /. The new name for the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) /. International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) The committee that defines telecommunications standards. Now known as the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) /. Internet A global network made up of a large number of individual networks interconnected through the use TCP/IP protocols. The individual networks comprising the Internet are from colleges, universities, businesses research organizations, government agencies, individuals and other bodies. The government body of this global network is the Internet Activities Board (IAB). When the term Internet is used with an upper-case I, it refers to global network, but with a lower-case i, it simply means a group of interconnected networks. internet A large and growing set of interconnected computer networks to which many Unix systems are directly or indirectly connected. internet A large meta-network of machines and other networks that exchange data such as electronic mail and news. When used with a capital I ("Internet") it refers to the specific worldwide network built upon the DARPA networks, the NSFnet, and other regional and national networks. When used with a small i ("internet") it refers to any large network of computers. See also Local Area Network (LAN) /l, network /n, Wide Area Network (WAN) /w. Internet A loosely-organized international collaboration of autonomous, interconnected networks, supporting host-to-host communication through voluntary adherence to open protocols and procedures defined by Internet Standards, typically based on the TCP/IP TCP/IP protocol suite - . /Internet Internet Address A 32-bit value displayed in number that specifies a particular network and a particular node on that network. Internet Address A thirty-two-bit number that uniquely identifies an Internet Internet host. It is usually represented as four 8-bit numbers separated by dots e.g. 128.121.4.5. It consists of a network number and a host number, and can be subdivided in several ways. Internet Advisory Board (IAB) The organization tasked with maintaining and expanding the standards of the Internet. Among their responsibilities are the Internet Requests for Comment (RFC) /r, that propose and define new standards ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1160.txt. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) The organization responsible for matching unique numerical addresses (IP addresses) to computer names for the Internet. Their web site is at. See also Domain Naming Service (DNS) /d, Internet /, Internet Protocol /, IP family /. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) A message-passing protocol ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc792.txt that defines the control of IP packets. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) One of the committees that steers new engineering developments for the Internet. Such developments include the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) /d and the next version(s) of the Internet Protocol, IPNG or IPv6 /. Internet Gateway Protocol (IGP) A protocol used to communicate routing information between Internet routers. Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) A protocol used to form and dissolve groups on the MBONE. Internet Layer The layer in DoD model that relates to the Network layer of the OSI model. Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) A protocol that defines how a client should fetch mail from and return mail to a mail server. IMAP is intended as a replacement for or extension to the Post Office Protocol (POP) /p. It is defined in RFC 1203 (v3) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1203.txt and RFC 2060 (v4) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2060.txt. Internet Protocol (IP) The internetwork datagram delivery protocol that is central to the Internet protocol family. Currently at version 4 (RFC 791) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc791.txt, a new version is forthcoming from the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) / known as either IPNG (for "Next Generation" ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1752.txt) or IPv6 / (for version 6 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2460.txt). See also IP family /. Internet Protocol (IP) The Network layer protocol upon which the Internet is based. IP provides a simple connectionless packet exchange. Other protocols such as UDP or TCP use IP to perform their connection-oriented or guaranteed delivery services. See TCP/IP, Internet. Internet Protocol Next Generation (IPNG) See Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) /. Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Also known as IP Next Generation (IPNG), the next generation of the Internet Protocol. Reserves a larger address space and several new configuration and security options to fix shortcomings that the current version of IP (v4), created in the 1960s, doesn't address. See also Internet Protocol (IP) /. Internet Service Provider (ISP) A company that provides a connection to the Internet, such as UUNET Technologies. INTERNET The Internet is the catch-all word used to describe the massive world-wide network of computers. The word "internet" literally means "network of networks". In itself, the Internet is comprised of thousands of smaller regional networks scattered throughout the globe. On any given day it connects roughly 50 million users in over 70 countries. It is the communication backbone that ties together computers from all around the world commonly known as the "Information Superhighway." The Internet includes such interfaces and standards as: World Wide Web, FTP, NNTP, Telnet, and Gopher. Internetwork Datagram Protocol (IDP) Part of the Xerox Network System (XNS) /x developed at Xerox PARC. Used as the basis for the Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) /. Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) A network protocol developed by Novell for its Netware product. It will hopefully be obsoleted by IP / in the moderate-term future. Provides datagram (unreliable) delivery. See also Internetwork Datagram Protocol (IDP) /, User Datagram Protocol (UDP) /u. Internetwork Packet exchangeThe Network and Transport layer protocol developed by Novell for its Netware product. IPX is a routable, connection-oriented protocol similar to TCP/IP but much easier to manage and with lower communication overhead. See Internet Protocol. Internetworking The process of connecting multiple local-area networks to form a wide-area network (WAN). Internetwork between different types of networks is handled by a router. INTERNIC The main source of all domain names issued within the United States. InterNIC is the controlling agency which handles all of the domain names, and domain disputes within the United States. INTERNIC Internic is the domain name licensing authority for the United States. InterNIC The organization that administers the big six /b top-level domains /t. Inter-Object Message (IOM) A service providing a connection-oriented bidirectional link between methods of different objects that is independent of the object services layer and the operating system. Interpress A page description language page-description-language from Xerox. interpreter the browser component that interprets JavaScript statements and acts on them. Inter-Process Communication (IPC) A structured means of communication between multiple processes on a single machine. See also Remote Procedure Call (RPC) /r. InterViews An object-oriented object-oriented toolkit developed at Stanford University for building graphical user interfaces. It is implemented in C++ C++ and provides a library of objects and a set of protocols for composing them. INTRANET A private network inside a company or organization that uses the same kind of software and technologies that you would find on the public Internet, but that is only for internal use.As the Internet has become more popular, many of the tools used on the Internet are being used in private networks. For example, many companies have web servers that are available only to employees. Intranets are ideal places to host information only for a specific group of people or employees.Note: An Intranet may not actually be an internet -- it may simply be a network. Intrinsics A library package on top of Xlib Xlib, extending the basic functions of the X Window System X-Window-System. It provides mechanisms for building widget widget sets and application environments.. Inventor See Open Inventor open-inventor. Inverse engineering The process of extracting high-level abstract specifications from source code using program transformations - . /Transformation IOM See Inter-Object Message (IOM) /. ION Implementation-Oriented Notation. A notation designed to graphically document object-oriented programs IOP Interoperability: The ability of equipment from different manufacturers (or different implementations) to operate together. IP Address A four-byte number that uniquely identifies a computers on an IP internetwork. InterNIC assigns the first bytes of Internet IP address and administers them in hierarchies. Huge organizations like the government to top-level internet service providers (ISP) have class A addresses, large organization and most ISPs have Class B address, and small companies have class C address. In a Class A address, InterNIC assigns the first byte, and the owning organization assigns the remaining three bytes. In a Class B address, InterNIC or the higher level ISP assigns the first two bytes, and the organization assigns the remaining two bytes. In a Class C address, InterNIC or the higher level ISP assigns the first three bytes, and the organization assigns the remaining byte. Organizations not attached to the Internet can assign IP addresses as they please. See Internet Protocol, Internet. IP address An Internet address Internet-address. IP family The Internet Protocol (IP) family consists of many different protocols, including: ? Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)--See Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) /a. ? Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)--See Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) /. ? Internet Protocol (IP)--See Internet Protocol (IP) /. ? Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)--See Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) /t. ? User Datagram Protocol (UDP)--See User Datagram Protocol (UDP) /u. IP Internet Protocol: Originally developed by the Department of Defense to support interworking of dissimilar computers across a network. This protocol works in conjunction with TCP and is usually identified as TCP/IP. A connectionless protocol that operates at the network layer (layer 3) of the OSI model. IP Internet Internet transport layer Protocol. IP See Internet Protocol (IP) /. IP: Internet Protocol, defined by the IETF for the transmission of information over the Internet. It works by dividing transmitted data into packets, and attaching to cach packet a header containing the addressing information. IPC Inter-Process Communication. IPC See Inter-Process Communication (IPC) /. IPE Integrated Programming Environment. IPF Information Presentation Facility. A document markup system for OS/2 OS/2 based on SGML SGML. IPNG See Internet Protocol Next Generation (IPNG) /. IPSE Integrated Project Support Environment: a term for a set of management and technical tools to support software development, usually integrated in a coherent framework: equivalent to an SEE. IPTES Incremental Prototyping Technology for Embedded Realtime Systems, an Esprit Esprit project. IPTUNNEL A software driver that permits the encapsulation of IPX packets insides of IP packets for transmission over an IP network. This allows NetWare servers to communicate through links that support only TCP/IP, such as UNIX machines. IPv6 See Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) /. IPVR Institute of Parallel and Distributed High-Performance Systems (Stuttgart). IPX External Network Number A number that is used to represent an entire network. All servers on the network must use the same external network number. IPX Internal Network Number A number that uniquely identifies a server to the network. Each server must have a different internal network number. IPX Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange: A built-in networking protocol for Novell Netware. It was derived from the Xerox Network System protocol and operates at the network layer of the OSI protocol model. IPX See Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) /. IQA Institute of Quality Assurance (UK). IRC Internet Relay Chat. Both a protocol and a program type. IRC allows someone on one to talk in real time to someone else, anywhere in the world. IRC Internet Relay Chat. A system whereby a number of people can participate in a discussion in real time on the Internet Internet. IRC IRC stands for Internet Relay Chat. IRC is a massive network of text based chat channels (rooms) and users all across the world. IRD Internet Internet Resource Discovery. IrDA: Infrared Data Association. IRDS Information Resource Dictionary System. A set of ISO ISO standards for CASE CASE repositories. It governs the definition of data dictionaries to be implemented on top of relational databases (see repository repository, data dictionary data-dictionary). IRIDIUM?: is a communication system that uses a 66 strong satellit network orbiting the earth. The system was first developed by Motorola and established itself as a separate company in 1991. It provides a mobile wireless communication network across the world and is connected to terrestrial telephone systems. It allows a mobile user to place and receive calls from anywhere in the world. Iris An object-oriented object-oriented DBMS DBMS. IRIS Explorer A visualisation system IRIS Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship of Brown University (Providence RI). IRIS See IRIS Explorer IRIS-Explorer IrMC: Infrared Mobile Communications. IRTF (Internet Research Task Force) One of the task forces of the IAB. The group responsible for research and development of the Internet protocol suite. IS Intermediate System: A system that provides forwarding functions or relaying functions or both for a specific ATM connection. OAM cells may be generated and received. ISA International Smalltalk Smalltalk Association (now disbanded). ISA n Esprit Esprit project continuing the ANSA ANSA project. ISAM Indexed Sequential Access Method: a file access method supporting both sequential and indexed access. ISAP MICROSOFT INTERNET INFORMATION SERVER ISBN International Standard Book Numbering. ISCN International Software Consulting Network. A network of process improvement experts. ISDE Integrated Software Development Environment: equivalent to an IPSE IPSE. ISDN INTEGERATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network: a set of CCITT CCITT standards to support many types of signal traffic (speech, data, video) via a digital transmission system, eventually intended to replace current telephone systems. The Basic rate is 64 kbits/sec - . /ISDN ISDN See Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) /. ISDN Signalling Link (ISL) A hybrid of CAS and CCS; basic signalling (such as "off-hook") is transmitted in-band (CAS style), and enhanced information (such as caller ID) is transmitted out-of-band (CCS style). See also Channel Associated Signalling (CAS) /c, Common Channel Signalling (CCS) /c. ISE Interactive Software Engineering: a software engineering company marketing Eiffel Eiffel among other products. ISEE Integrated Software Engineering Environment: equivalent to SEE SEE. ISERN International Software Engineering Research Network - . ISF Information Systems Factory: equivalent to an SEE. ISIS A toolkit for implementing fault-tolerant distributed systems, developed at Cornell and now available commercially ISL See ISDN Signalling Link (ISL) /. ISO International Organisation for Standardisation - . /ISO ISO International Organization for Standardization: An international organization for standardization, based in Geneva, Switzerland, that establishes voluntary standards and promotes global trade of 90 member countries. ISO See International Standards Organization (ISO) /. ISOC The Internet Society. A professional society concerned with the growth and evolution of the Internet Internet, with the way it is used, and with related social, political, and technical issues - . /Internet ISODE ISO ISO Development Environment: software that implements a set of OSI OSI upper-layer services. It supports OSI applications on top of OSI and TCP/IP TCP/IP networks ISP This is a company through which you can access the Internet. ISP ISP stands for "Internet Service Provider." These are private fee-based companies that provide dial-up access to the Internet via SLIP, PPP, or TCP/IP. Examples: Earthlink, Netcom, MSN. Note: AOL is not a real ISP because they use proprietary software. Users do not have access to mail servers and various other Internet services when using AOL. ISP See Internet Service Provider (ISP) /. ISPE International Society for Productivity Enhancement. ISTAR An experimental IPSE IPSE. from Imperial Software Technology. ISV Independent Software Vendor (not a hardware manufacturer). ISV See Independent Software Vendor (ISV) /. IT Information Technology. ITHACA An Esprit Esprit project to put a "4th generation" object-oriented object-orientedsystem to practical use in an industrial environment. The ITHACA environment offers an application support system incorporating advanced technologies in the fields of object-oriented programming, programming languages, database technologies, user interface systems and software development tools ITU H.222 An ITU-T Study Group 15 standard that addresses the multiplexing of multimedia data on an ATM network. ITU International Telecommunications Union - . /ITU ITU Q.2100 B-ISDN Signaling ATM Adapation Layer Overview. ITU Q.2110 B-ISDN Adapation Layer -- Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol. ITU Q.2130 B-ISDN Adapation Layer -- Service Specific Connection Oriented Function for Support of Signaling at the UNI. ITU Q.2931 The signaling standard for ATM to support Switched Virtual Connections. This is based on the signaling standard for ISDN. ITU Q.931 The signaling standard for ISDN to support SVCs. The basis for the signaling standard developed for Frame Relay and ATM. ITU Q.933 The signaling standard for Frame Relay to support SVCs. This is based on the signaling standard for ISDN. ITU See International Telecommunications Union (ITU) /. ITU: International Telecommunications Union is an international organization for the development and specification of global telecom networks and services standards. ITU-T International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications: ITU-T is an international body of member countries whose task is to define recommendations and standards relating to the international telecommunications industry. The fundamental standards for ATM have been defined and published by the ITU-T (Previously CCITT). IUT Implementation Under Test: The particular portion of equipment which is to be studied for testing. The implementation may include one or more protocols. IWF Interworking Function J Jackson method A proprietary structured method for software analysis, design and programming. JAM Just Another Metafile. A document markup scheme with a processor to produce LaTeX LaTeX, HTML HTML or RTF RTF output - . ftp://bioftp.unibas.ch/archive_data/survival/jam/documentation/JAMCTS JANET The Joint Academic NETwork which links U.K. academic and research institutes. JARGON - A general term used to talk about the many abbreviations used on the net. Here are some of those terms and their meaningsLOL - Laughing Out Loud ROFL - Rolling on the Floor Laughing FYI - For your Information IMO - In My Opinion IMHO - In My Humble Opinion TTYL - Talk To You Later BBL - Be Back Later Java An object-oriented language developed by Sun Microsystems. Java applets can be embedded within a Web page. JavaScript has similar syntax, but is not the same as Java. JAVA - An object oriented computer language which was developed by SUN Microsystems for the purpose of enhancing the capabilities of Web pages. At the time of this writing the only browsers which support JAVA are Sun's HotJava and Navigator 2.0 or higher and Explorer 3.0. JAVA programs are called Applets Java An Object-Oriented Object-Oriented language from Sun, now widely used in WWW WWW browsers - . /Java JAVA Java was developed as a response to problems programming in C++. It is intended to be a "simple, object oriented, cross-platform, high performance, multithreaded, dynamic" programming language. JAVASCRIPT JavaScript is a mini version of Java. The advantages to JavaScript over Java are: simplified Doesn't have to be compiled the source code resides within your HTML document JavaScript A scripting language for Web documents, loosely based on Java's syntax, developed by Netscape. JavaScript is now supported by the most popular browsers. JAVASCRIPT - Formerly called LiveScript, this language was developed by Netscape. Patterned after JAVA, it's primary difference is that the program is embedded into an HTML file instead of being an executable which loads when you load a web page. JAZELLE A data management system for HEP from SLAC. JEDI Joint Electronic Document Interchange JEPI Joint Electronic Payment Initiative. A joint project between W3C W3C and CommerceNet in the field of electronic payment using WWW WWW. JFIF A data stream-oriented file format used for transmitting JPEG JPEG encoded bitmap data - . /Graphics job A program you started from the shell that can start, stop, and move between the foreground and background. Job An administrator-defined activity that performs a specific duty; a set of tasks with a pre-selected set of managed node subscribers. Joining The phase in which the LE Client establishes its control connections to the LE Server. Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) A group of photographic experts who, finding the Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) /g format too limiting for true quality static video, developed their own. Also referred to as JPEG (or JPG for those systems with only a three-character extension), this format provides for thousands of colors but no interlacing or transparency. JOOP Journal of Object-Oriented Object-Oriented Programming. JPEG - Another commonly found graphic format on web pages. JPEG formatted graphics are especially good at handling photographs. JPEG A standardized image compression compression mechanism. JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group, the original name of the committee that wrote the standard. JPEG is designed for compressing either full-color or gray-scale digital images of "natural", real-world scenes. It does not work so well on non-realistic images, such as cartoons or line drawings. JPEG does not handle black-and-white (1-bit-per-pixel) images, or motion picture compression. Standards for compressing those types of images are being worked on by other committees, named JBIG and MPEG - . /Graphics JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group: An ISO Standards group that defines how to compress still pictures JPEG See Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) /. JPG See Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) /. jpg See JPEG JPEG. JSA Japanese Standards Association JSD Jackson System Development - . /Jackson JTC Joint Technical Committee (of ISO and IEC). K K (also KB or kilobyte). A measure of memory or disk size which is 1,024 bytes of information. This number happens to be 2 multiplied by itself 10 times, which is a nice round number for computers. Kala A persistent data server: a link library providing an engine for applications needing persistence, transactions, crash recovery and rollback, versioning, distribution, and other facilities for which DBMSs are commonly used - . /Kala KAPPA An object-oriented object-oriented workbench for Sun workstations from Intellicorp. KBS Knowledge-based system. KDD Knowledge Discovery in Databases. A branch of Artificial Intelligence Artificial-Intelligence. Kerberos A network authentication service ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1510.txt developed at MIT /m that uses DES /d for open network computing environments. Kerberos An authentication system from the Athena Athena project, adopted by OSF OSF as the basis of security for DME DME - . ftp://asisftp.cern.ch:/pub/faq/kerberos-faq KERMIT A protocol for file transfer. Mainly used for transfers to and from PC's. kernel The base component of a program that is always in memory; the operating system /o. kernel The essential part of UNIX UNIXor other operating systems, responsible for resource allocation etc. key board The thing you type on to tell your computer what to do. There are many different keyboards, with a wide variety of keys on them. Khoros A visualisation system from Khoral Research KIF Knowledge Interchange Format. For knowledge sharing and communication among heterogeneous agents Agent - kill To stop a process from running. KISS An Object-Oriented Object-Oriented analysis and design approach - . /2GOO KISS Keep It Simple Stupid. A homespun design philosohpy. kludge A program or feature that works but the author is embarrassed about. Rhymes with "huge," not with "fudge." Sometimes misspelled as kluge. KMS Knowledge Management System: a distributed hypermedia hypermedia system for managing knowledge in organisations A commercial system from Knowledge Systems Inc running on workstations, based on previous research with ZOG ZOG at Carnegie Mellon University. Knowledge Engineering The acquisition of knowledge from a human expert or similar source and its coding in an expert system expert-system. Knowledge Representation A subset of AI AI . Kohonen T. Kohonen of the University of Helsinki has been studying neural networks for many years with the idea of modelling as closely as possible the behaviour of biological systems, and his name is commonly associated with a particular kind of neural network in which there are only two kinds of neurons (see McCulloch-Pitts McCulloch-Pitts), input and others. All the input neurons are connected to all others, and the others are connected only to their other nearest neighbors. The training algorithm is a relatively simple one based on the geometric layout of the neurons, and makes use of annealing annealing. korn shell An enhanced version of the Bourne shell, written by a guy named Korn. For your purposes, it's mostly like the Bourne shell,and prompts you with a $. Its program name is ksh. KQML Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language - . KR Knowledge Representation KRSL Knowledge Representation Specification Language. KUIP Kernel User Interface Package: the human interface to PAW PAW. L . login A hidden file containing a shell script. If you use the C shell, this script runs automatically every time you log in. L2CAP: Logical Link and Control Adaptation Protocol (a Bluetooth Specific Protocol). label Part of a DNS /d domain /d name, corresponding to a component within a fully-qualified domain name (FQDN) /f. Labview A package from National Instruments Corp originally developed to provide a graphical interface to instruments connected by the IEEE 488 IEEE-488 (GPIB) bus. It has powerful graphical editing facilities for defining and interconnecting "virtual instruments". LAMPF Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (An 800 MeV proton and negative H ion high-current LINAC, 1mA average, 12mA peak). LAN Local area network Local-area-network LAN Local Area Network: A network designed to move data between stations within a campus. LAN See Local Area Network (LAN) /. LAN: Local Area Network. LANE LAN Emulation: The set of services, functional groups and protocols which provide for the emulation of LANS utilizing ATM as a backbone to allow connectivity among LAN and ATM attached end stations. Language-Based Editor An editor that is aware of the syntactic, semantic and in some cases the structural rules of a specific programming language and provides a framework for the user to enter source code. Programs or changes to previously stored programs are incrementally parsed into an abstract syntax tree and automatically checked for correctness. LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory - Los Alamos, NM, USA - . LAPD Link Access Procedure D: A layer 2 protocol defined by CCITT (original name of ITU-T). This protocol reliably transfers blocks of information across a single Layer 1 link and supports multiplexing of different connections at Layer 2. laser printer A printer that works like a photocopying machine, except that, rather than a paper original, the information to copy is drawn on the drum by a laser. Pretty cool LaTeX A document preparation system based on TeX TeX, popular in the HEP community. It adds a collection of commands to simplify typesetting, and lets the user concentrate on the structure of the text rather than on formatting commands - . /TeX Layer Entity An active element within a layer. Layer Function A part of the activity of the layer entities. Layer Service A capability of a layer and the layers beneath it that is provided to the upper layer entities at the boundary between that layer and the next higher layer. Layer User Data Data transferred between corresponding entities on behalf of the upper layer or layer management entities for which they are providing services. LB Leaky Bucket: Leaky Bucket is the term used as an analogous description of the algorithm used for conformance checking of cell flows from a user or network. See GCRA, UPC and NPC. The "leaking hole in the bucket" applies to the sustained rate at which cells can be accommodated, while the "bucket depth" applies to the tolerance to cell bursting over a given time period. LBE Language-Based Editor Language-Based-Editor. LBL Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. LBO See line buildout (LBO) /. LCF Logic for Computable Functions. A system for interactive automated reasoning. LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. LDAP See Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) /. LE LAN Emulation. Refer to LANE. LE_ARP LAN Emulation Address Resolution Protocol: A message issued by a LE client to solicit the ATM address of another function. Leadership Priority The priority with which a logical node wishes to be elected peer group leader of its peer group. Generally, of all nodes in a peer group, the one with the highest leadership priority will be elected as peer group leader. Leaky Bucket An informal term for the Generic Cell Rate Algorithm. LEAR Low Energy Antiproton Ring. LEC LAN Emulation Client: The entity in end systems which performs data forwarding, address resolution, and other control functions. LEC Local Exchange Carrier: A telephone company affiliate of a Regional Bell Operating Company or an Independent Telephone Company. LECID LAN Emulation Client Identifier: This identifier, contained in the LAN Emulation header, indicates the ID of the ATM host or ATM-LAN bridge. It is unique for every ATM Client. LECS LAN Emulation Configuration Server: This implements the policy controlled assignment of individual LE clients to different emulated LANs by providing the LES ATM addresses. LED See Light Emitting Diode (LED) /. LEDA Library of Efficient Data types and Algorithms. A class library Class-libraryfor C++ C++with graph classes from Uni Saarbruecken. Legacy Legacy system is a term used to describe old software systems still in use but which could benefit from re-engineering using more modern methods. legacy method A method developed by some means other than the current version of ADE /a; for example, a C program, a shell script or other non-CORBA /c-compatible routine. LEP Large Electron Positron Collider. A 27km circumference accelerator at CERN /, which brings bunches of electrons and positrons into collision. LES LAN Emulation Server: This implements the control coordination function for the Emulated LAN, examples are enabling a LEC to join an ELAN, resolving MAC to ATM addresses. lex A lexical analysis tool for the UNIX UNIX environment. LGN Logical Group Node: LGN is a single node that represents the lowest level peer groups in the respective higher level peer group. LHC Large Hadron Collider: proposed to be built in the LEP LEP tunnel at CERN /. library object (LO) A common source of information about the known types of objects /o. There is one library object per TMR /t. Library Object Adapter (LOA) Library routines which provide an interface to ORB /o services that is convenient for the library object / implementation. Lifecycle See Life-Cycle Life-Cycle. Life-Cycle The software life-cycle consists of phases: requirements analysis, design, construction, testing and maintenance. The development process tends to run iteratively through these phases rather than linearly; several models (spiral, waterfall etc) have been proposed to describe this process. LIFIA Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale et d'Intelligence Artificielle. LIFN Location Independent File Name Light Emitting Diode (LED) A diode, or two-state device, that emits light in one state ("on") and does not emit light in the other ("off"). LEDs are used to indicate problems or diagnostic codes. LIGHT LIfecycle Global HyperText. A project in the CERN ECP/IPT group /CERN/Divisions/ECP/PT/Welcome whereby documents resulting from the software life cycle are available as hypertext - . /Light/ Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) A protocol (defined in RFC 1777 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1777.txt and RFC 2251 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2251.txt) for user information suitable for address books or phone books, based on the OSI /o X.500 /x standard. LIJP Leaf Initiated Joint Parameter: Root screening options and Information Element (IE) instructions carried in SETUP message. Linda A portable parallel language to simplify parallel programming. Extensions to C and Fortran, available from Scientific Computing Associates, Inc. - . /Linda line buildout (LBO) Engineering or designing the interface between two telecommunications devices, such as Private Branch eXchanges (PBX) /p. line editor A text editor that deals with text one line at a time. Most modern text editors let you see and work with the file an entire screen at a time. The ed program is a line editor; we recommend that you use something better. Linearity Comparison of a character size to the size of adjacent characters. Link Aggregation Token Refer to Aggregation Token. link An additional name for a file. When you create a file, you create its contents,which are stored on the disk somewhere, and you give it a name, which is stored in a directory. There is a connection between the filename and its contents. You can create additional filenames and connect them to the same contents using the ln command. Link An entity that defines a topological relationship (including available transport capacity) between two nodes in different subnetworks. Multiple links may exist between a pair of subnetworks. Synonymous with logical link. Link Attribute A link state parameter that is considered individually to determine whether a given link is acceptable and/or desirable for carrying a given connection. Link Connection A link connection (e.g., at the VP-level) is a connection capable of transferring information transparently across a link without adding any overhead, such as cells for purposes for monitoring. It is delineated by connection points at the boundary of the subnetwork. Link Constraint A restriction on the use of links for path selection for a specific connection. Link Metric A link parameter that requires the values of the parameter for all links along a given path to be combined to determine whether the path is acceptable and/or desirable for carrying a given connection. link see Hypertext Hypertext Link State Parameter Information that captures an aspect or property of a link. lint A C language preprocessor which carries out more thorough checks on the code than is usual with C compilers themselves. Linux An implementation of UNIX UNIX written from scratch with no proprietary code for IBM PC compatibles by Linus Torvalds and distributed under the GNU GNUpublic licence - . /Linux LISP A List Processing Language suitable for symbolic and logical programming - . LispView CLOS CLOS based windowing system on OpenWindows OpenWindows. Literate programming Combining the use of a language such as TeX TeX and a conventional programming language, so as to maintain documentation and source together - . /Litprog LitProg Literate Programming Literate-Programming Lml A functional language functional-language(Johnson 1984). LMP: Link Manager Protocol is the layer of the Bluetooth protocol stack responsible for the set up of the link between Bluetooth devices. This includes security aspects (authentication, encryption), the control and negotiation of packet sizes, power mode control and connection states of a Bluetooth unit in a piconet. LNNI LANE NNI: The standardized interface between two LAN servers (LES-LES, BUS-BUS, LECS-LECS and LECS-LES). LO See library object (LO) /. LOA See Library Object Adapter (LOA) /. LOC Line of code. Used as a simple software metric. LOC Loss of Cell Delineation: A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in the PHY overhead indicating that the receiving equipment has lost cell delineation. Used to monitor the performance of the PHY layer. Local Area Network (LAN) A network of machines generally limited to a local area, such as one or more floors of a building, or nearby buildings. See also network /n, Wide Area Network (WAN) /w. Local Area Network (LAN) A network that is restricted to a local area-a single building, group of buildings, or even a single room. A LAN often has only one server, but can have many if desired. Local Area Network Usually abbreviated to LAN: a communications network which is geographically limited (typically to a 1 km. radius) allowing easy interconnection of terminals, microprocessors and computers within adjacent buildings. Ethernet and FDDI are examples of standard LANs. local mount To logically connect several disk drives on the same machine so that they appear as one file system. Local Procedure Call (LPC) A mechanism that loops remote procedure call without the presence of a network so that the client and server portion of an application can reside on the same machine. Local procedure calls look like remote procedure calls (RPCs) to the client and server sides of a distributed application. Local Support Center (LSC) A regional or local support center, containing one or more personnel, responsible for local hands-on support of network-related equipment. Locus A distributed system project supporting transparent access to data through a network-wide file system. LOF Loss of Frame: A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in the PHY overhead indicating that the receiving equipment has lost frame delineation. This is used to monitor the performance of the PHY layer. log in To identify yourself to the Unix system and provide your password so that Unix believes that it's really you and lets you use the computer. You have a login ID, or user ID, or user name, that is the name by which Unix knows you. When you finish working you log out. Logic Programming Programming in a language such as Prolog Prolog, which allows the programmer to make a series of assertions which are interpreted by an inference engine inference-engine - Logical Group Node A logical node that represents a lower level peer group as a single point for purposes of operating at one level of the PNNI routing hierarchy. Logical Link An abstract representation of the connectivity between two logical nodes. This includes individual physical links, individual virtual path connections, and parallel physical links and/or virtual path connections. Logical Node An abstract representation of a peer group or a switching system as a single point. Logical Node ID A string of bits that unambiguously identifies a logical node within a routing domain. login directory See home directory. LOGISCOPE Software quality analysis tools from Verilog SA, used to evaluate the quality of software both statically (based on software metrics) and dynamically - . /PTTOOL/Logiscope/Tool Lojban An artificial language designed to be used by people in communication with each other, and possibly in the future with computers - Looking Glass A desktop manager desktop-manager for UNIX from Visix. lookup Looking up an IP address from its name in DNS See also reverse lookup . loop A set of JavaScript statements that is executed a number of times or until a certain condition is met. LOOPS Lisp Lisp Object-oriented Object-oriented Programming System from Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. LOP Loss of Pointer: A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in the PHY overhead indicating that the receiving equipment has lost the pointer to the start of cell in the payload. This is used to monitor the performance of the PHY layer. LOS Loss of Signal: A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in the PHY overhead indicating that the receiving equipment has lost the received signal. This is used to monitor the performance of the PHY layer. LOTOS A formal description technique used for protocol specfication in ISO ISO OSI OSI standards (ISO 8807). LPF Low Pass Filter: In an MPEG-2 clock recovery circuit, it is a technique for smoothing or averaging changes to the system clock. LSAP Link Service Access Point: Logical address of boundary between layer 3 and LLC sublayer 2. LSB Least Significant Bit: The lowest order bit in the binary representation of a numerical value. LSC See Local Support Center (LSC) /. LSE Language Sensitive Editor: from DEC . LSR Leaf Setup Request: A setup message type used when a leaf node requests connection to existing point-to-multipoint connection or requests creation of a new multipoint connection. LT Lower Tester: The representation in ISO/IEC 9646 of the means of providing, during test execution, indirect control and observation of the lower service boundary of the IUT using the underlying service provider. LTE SONET Lite Terminating Equipment: ATM equipment terminating a communications facility using a SONET Lite Transmission Convergence (TC) layer. This is usually reserved for end user or LAN equipment. The SONET Lite TC does not implement some of the maintenance functions used in long haul networks such as termination of path, line and section overhead. LUNI LANE UNI: The standardized interface between a LE client and a LE Server (LES,LECS and BUS). LYNX - A UNIX program which allows character based terminals to access websites. Lynx users do not ordinarily see the graphics on a web page. Lynx A WWW WWW browser from University of Kansas - . See also LynxOS LynxOS A POSIX POSIX compliant real-time real-time operating system from Lynx Real-Time Systems, Los Gatos, California, with a UNIX UNIX-like interface to application programs. LZW Lempel-Ziv-Welch data compression compression algorithm. M M,MB,megabyte A measure of memory and disk size that is 1,048,576 bytes, or 1K times 1K, or 2 multiplied by itself 20 times. M1 Management Interface 1: The management of ATM end devices. M2 Management Interface 2: The management of Private ATM networks or switches. M3 Management Interface 3: The management of links between public and private networks. m4 A suite of macro-processing utilities for simplifying administration of system files that are different on different hosts (such as /etc/printcap). M4 Management Interface 4: The management of public ATM networks. M5 Management Interface 5: The management of links between two public networks. MAC Media Access Control: IEEE specifications for the lower half of the data link layer (layer 2) that defines topology dependent access control protocols for IEEE LAN specifications. MAC See Media Access Control (MAC) /. MACAnalyst An analysis CASE CASE tool for the Mac from Excel Software Inc. MACDesigner A design CASE CASE tool for the Mac from Excel Software Inc. Mach An operating system kernel under development at Carnegie-Mellon University to support distributed and parallel computation. Mach is designed to support computing environments consisting of networks of uniprocessors and multiprocessors. Mach is the kernel of the OSF/1 OSF/1 system - . ftp://asisftp.cern.ch:/pub/faq/comp-os-mach-faq. Macintosh A range of personal computers manufactured by Apple Computer Inc. MacX A package allowing the Macintosh to be used as an X server X-server. Madaline A structure of many ADALINE ADALINE units. Magnetic Field Effects As described in the paragraph "Rotation Control", the Monitor is affected by magnetic fields. If your screen develops wrong colors in areas or the picture becomes distorted you must check what is near to your Monitor. If your Monitor is positioned near a steel cabinet, on a steel desk or bench, or a steel girder imbedded in a wall or ceiling, then all of these things could be magnetized and therefore interfering with the picture tube's Electron Beams. Try moving the Monitor two to three feet away from the suspected source of magnetic field and see if the picture improves. If the picture only looks colored or distorted during certain times check if you have any speakers near the Monitor because these could radiate magnetic fields strong enough to distort the picture when they are powered-up. mail A message to one or more users or groups sent over the computer. Mail can include other documents as attachments. Mail can traverse multiple machines and networks. See also attachment /a, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) /m, NeXTMail /n, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) /s. mail address An RFC 822 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc822.txt compliant address in one of the following forms: ? Firstname Lastname user@site.domain.name ? user@site.domain.name (Firstname Lastname) See also RFC /r. mail alias An alias used for electronic mail. See alias /a. mailbox The file in which the electronic mail system puts your incoming mail. Mailslots A connectionless messaging IPC mechanism that Windows NT USES for browse requests and logon authentication. Maintenance An important part of the software life-cycle. Maintenance is expensive in manpower and resources, and software engineering techniques aim to reduce its cost. Make A popular tool on UNIX UNIX systems to automate the recompilation, linking etc. of programs, taking account of the interdependencies of modules. Makedoc A program from Carleton University, Ottawa that generates documentation for Objective C Objective-C programs. It will also generate a class hierarchy diagram. The output format is similar to that used by StepStone StepStone. Maker Interchange Format (MIF) An all-ASCII /a representation of a document for FrameMaker. It is possible for scripts to generate MIF format files for importing into FrameMaker. In addition, the MIF format allows documents to be moved to previous versions of the program or to different platforms. MAN METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK MAN Metropolitan Area Network: A network designed to carry data over an area larger than a campus such as an entire city and its outlying area. man page A short file of information about a Unix command. The man command displays manual pages about all Unix commands and a few other topics, although they usually are written in a hopelessly technold style. MAN See Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) /. managed node An object that represents a machine; a managed machine interface that is generic across all platforms. managed resource A specific instance of a resource type that has a default policy defined in the policy /p region. Managed System An entity that is managed by one or more management systems, which can be either Element Management Systems, Subnetwork or Network Management Systems, or any other management systems. Management Domain An entity used here to define the scope of naming. Management Information Base (MIB) A collection of data objects that can be accessed via a network management protocol such as Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) /s. General information can be found in RFC 1156 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1156.txt. Management Information Base (MIB)The entire set of objects that any service or protocol uses in SNMP. Because different network-management services are used for different types of devices or for different network-management protocol, each service has its own set of objects. Management System An entity that manages a set of managed systems, which can be either NEs, subnetworks or other management systems. map A system database, such as the password or hosts maps, in the Network Information Service (NIS) /n. MAP Manufacturers Automation Protocol, a set of protocols developed by General Motors based on Token Bus (IEEE IEEE 802.4) and giving predictable response in real time real-time. Map To translate one value into another. Maple A mathematics package developed by the University of Waterloo and ETH Zurich. MARC MAchine Readable Cataloging: a record format for bibliographic information interchange based on the ANSI ANSI / NISO NISO Z39.2 standard. Markowitz The author of the original Simscript Simscript language. Markup In computerised document preparation, a method of adding information to the text indicating the logical components of a document, or instructions for layout of the text on the page. MARS See Multicast Address Resolution Server (MARS) /. MASCOT Modular Approach to Software Construction Operation and Test: a method for software design aimed at real-time real-time embedded systems from the Royal Signals and Research Establishment, UK. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) The source of a number of widely-used computer programs, including Kerberos /k and the X Window System. Master Browser The computer on a network that maintains a list of computers and services available on the network and distributes the list to other browser. The Master Browser may also promote potential browses to be browsers. See Browser, Browsing, Potential Browser. master The primary NetInfo server in a domain or subdomain. See NetInfo /n. The primary NIS server in a domain. See Network Information Service (NIS) /n. Mathematica A general program for symbolic computing and programming from Wolfram Research - . MaxCR Maximum Cell Rate: This is the maximum capacity usable by connections belonging to the specified service category. maximum transfer unit (MTU) The largest packet /p size that a network interface is configured to accept. Maximum Viewing Area The actual maximum viewing area is dependent upon the size of the plastic or bezel around the CRT. Typically, the maximum possible for a "17-inch monitor" is actually 15.75 inches plus or minus 1/2 inch. In other words plus or minus 0.25 inches at the ends of the diagonal measurement. MBONE Multicast backbone: a virtual network on top of the Internet Internet to support routing of IP multicast packets, intended for multimedia transmission - . /MBONE MBONE The multicast / network overlaid atop the global Internet /i. MBS Maximum Burst Size: In the signaling message, the Burst Tolerance (BT) is conveyed through the MBS which is coded as a number of cells. The BT together with the SCR and the GCRA determine the MBS that may be transmitted at the peak rate and still be in conformance with the GCRA. McCulloch-Pitts The McCulloch-Pitts neuron is the basic building block of neural networks. It receives one or more inputs and produces one or more identical outputs, each of which is a simple non-linear function of the sum of the inputs to the neuron. The non-linear function is typically a threshhold or step function which is usually smoothed (i.e. a sigmoid) to facilitate learning. MCDV Maximum Cell Delay Variance: This is the maximum two-point CDV objective across a link or node for the specified service category. MCLR Maximum Cell Loss Ratio: This is the maximum ratio of the number of cells that do not make it across the link or node to the total number of cells arriving at the link or node. MCR Minimum Cell Rate: An ABR service traffic descriptor, in cells/sec, that is the rate at which the source is always allowed to send. MCS Meta Class System: a portable object-oriented extension of Common Lisp from GMD GMD. It integrates the functionality of CLOS CLOS and TELOS TELOS. MCTD Maximum Cell Transfer Delay: This is the sum of the fixed delay component across the link or node and MCDV. MDist See Multiplexed Distribution (MDist) /. MDL An early object-oriented object-oriented language from MIT MIT . Media Access Control (MAC) Address Hardware address burned into the Network interface cards. Six bytes long, three given to the manufacture from the IEEE, and three bytes designated by the manufacture. Media Access Control (MAC) The six-byte address of network either the Ethernet or the ATM /a hardware (interface board). Typically written as six colon-separated hexadecimal numbers. Mellor see Schlaer-Mellor Schlaer-Mellor. Member Function In C++ C++, the name given to a method method. memory The storage area where the computer puts information it is working on right now. This is useful for only short-term storage (like until tomorrow). For long-term storage, computers put information on disks. Also known as main memory or RAM menu A list of choices, usually commands, from which you can choose. MERISE Methode d'Etude et de Realisation Informatique pour les Systemes d'Enteprise: a Software Engineering method popular in France; many IPSE IPSE s are based on it. Mesa An early object-oriented object-oriented programming language developed at the Xerox Palo Alto research centre. Message In object-oriented object-oriented programming sending a message to an object (to invoke a method) is equivalent to calling a procedure in traditional programming languages, except that the actual code executed may only be selected at run-time depending on the class of the object. Thus, in response to the message "drawSelf", the method code invoked would be different if the target object were a circle or a square. Message Switching A type of network communication that sends an entire message, or block of data, rather a than a simple packet. meta key If your keyboard has an Alt key, it is also the Meta key. If not, press the Esc key to achieve the same effect. The effect depends on the program you are running. emacs uses the Meta key for many commands. MetaCard A commercial human interface and hypertext system for UNIX UNIX and X-windows X-windows, similar to Hypercard Hypercard. Meta-CASE tool A term sometimes used for software packages (like TBK TBK or VSF VSF) which allow users to develop or customise their own CASE tools CASE-tools. Metaclass The class class of a class. A metaclass is a class whose instances are themselves classes. Metadata Data definitions describing aspects of the actual data items, such as name, format etc. metadevice A logical device that encompasses one or more physical devices. See also Disk Suite /d. Metafile Typically a file of graphics data for transport between different machines. metamirror See mirror /. Metasignaling ATM Layer Management (LM) process that manages different types of signaling and possibly semipermanent virtual channels (VCs), including the assignment, removal and checking of VCs. Metasignaling VCs The standardized VCs that convey metasignaling information across a User-Network Interface (UNI). method A specialized type of function that can be stored in an object an acts on the object's properties. method Code that is executed to perform some service; an implementation-specific procedure which carries out some function; for example, a program, operating system command or shell script. The method performs some work and returns any results or status to the originator of the request. Method The name given in Smalltalk Smalltalk (and sometimes in other object-oriented object-oriented languages) to a procedure or routine associated with an object. Methodology A term for a codified set of procedures for some phase of software engineering, such as analysis and design. Metric see Software Metrics Software-Metrics. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) A collection of local area networks (LANs) that would otherwise be a wide area network (WAN), but which is local to a single metropolitan area (for example, between five different buldings in London). See also Local Area Network (LAN) /l, Wide Area Network (WAN) /w. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) A network spanning a single city or metropolitan area. A MAN is larger than local area networks (LANs), which are normally restricted to single building or neighboring buildings, but smaller than wide area networks (WANs), which can span the entire globe. MexE: Mobile Execution Environment is a protocol for the integration of Java onto mobile phones. MexE will extend the capabilities of WAP(Wireless Application Protocol) and offer greater security features. Meyer Bertrand Meyer, the author of the Eiffel Eiffel Language and many articles on object-oriented object-oriented software techniques. MIB Attribute A single piece of configuration, management, or statistical information which pertains to a specific part of the PNNI protocol operation. MIB Instance An incarnation of a MIB object that applies to a specific part, piece, or aspect of the PNNI protocol's operation. MIB Management Information Base: A definition of management items for some network component that can be accessed by a network manager. A MIB includes the names of objects it contains and the type of information retained. MIB Object A collection of attributes that can be used to configure, manage, or analyze an aspect of the PNNI protocol's operation. MIB See Management Information Base (MIB) /. MIC Message Integrity Check. Microbrowser: Software that allowesr the user to access the Internet from a mobile device. Microkernel An approach to operating systems design which puts emphasis on small modules which implement the basic features of the system and can be flexibly configured . Microsoft A vendor of systems and application software for personal computers and similar platforms MID Message Identifier: The message identifier is used to associate ATM cells that carry segments from the same higher layer packet. MID Metafile for Interactive Documents. A standard sponsored by the DoD DoD. Midas A Motif-based toolkit for interactive data analysis by T.Johnson, SLAC. The basis for the Midas-WWW Midas-WWWbrowser. Midas-WWW A Motif-based browser browserfor WWW - . MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface. MIF See Maker Interchange Format (MIF) /. MIFF Machine Independent File Format. A bitmap format - . /Graphics MILNET (MILitary NETwork) Originally part of the ARPANET, MILNET was partitioned in 1984 to make it possible for military installations to have reliable network service, while the ARPANET continued to be used for research. MIM: Mobile Instant Messaging is a technology similar to ICQ and will allow mobile users to check for instant availability and communicate instantly with other users on a non-voice basis. MIMD Multiple Instruction Multiple Data: a form of parallelism in multiprocessor computing where there are several instruction streams (programs) operating concurrently on several data streams. MIME Acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. Although this was primarily used for e-mail, the concepts described by MIME are used to allow browsers to retrieve a wide variety of document types, such as images, sound clips, or movies. MIME Multimedia Internet Mail Extensions. A method of processing multi-part, multimedia messages on the Internet Internet. (RFC RFC 1521-1522 etc.) - . /MIME MIME See Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) /. MINUIT A Program for Function Minimization and Error Analysis - . MIPS A microprocessor vendor . MIR Maximum Information Rate: Refer to PCR. mirror A collection of one to three submirrors /s which, when modified, causes the modification to be applied to each of its submirrors. A technique of duplicating data on multiple logical disk partitions to reduce the risk of data loss in the event of a hardware failure. See also Disk Suite /d. MIRROR Generally speaking, "to mirror" is to maintain an exact copy of something. Probably the most common use of this term on the Internet refers to "mirror sites" which are web sites or FTP sites that maintain exact copies of material originated at another location. This is usually in order to provide more widespread access to the resource. Another common use of the term "mirror" refers to an arrangement where information is written to more than one hard disk simultaneously, so that if one disk fails, the computer keeps on working without losing anything. MIS Management Information Systems. MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT See Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) /. ML A functional language functional-language MMF Multimode Fiber optic Cable: Fiber optic cable in which the signal or light propagates in multiple modes or paths. Since these paths may have varying lengths, a transmitted pulse of light may be received at different times and smeared to the point that pulses may interfere with surrounding pulses. This may cause the signal to be difficult or impossible to receive. This pulse dispersion sometimes limits the distance over which a MMF link can operate. MMM A WWW browser from INRIA based on the Caml language MODEM - A device which translates computer signals into acceptable format and then transmits those signals over a phone line to another computer. Bidirectional, capable of sending and receiving data via the telephone line. modem A box that connects your computer or terminal to a phone line. It converts information from your computer to little whistling or hissing noises on the phone line and back again. Modem A service used to convert the digital signals produced by a computer into the analog signals required by analog telephone lines, and vice-versa. This process of conversation allows computers to communicate across telephone lines. MODSIM A general-purpose modular block-structured language from CACI CACI, which provides support for object-oriented object-orientedprogramming and discrete event simulation. It is intended for building large process-based discrete event simulation models through modular and object-oriented mechanisms similar to those of Modula-2 Modula-2 - . /PTTOOL/Modsim/Tool Modula-2 A high-level programming language designed by N.Wirth. It is a derivative of Pascal Pascal with well-defined interfaces between modules, and facilities for parallel computation. Modula-3 A member of the Pascal Pascal family of languages. Designed in the late 1980s at Digital Equipment Corporation and Olivetti, it aims to correct deficiencies of Pascal and Modula-2 Montage An object-relational database management system from Montage Software: the commercialisation of POSTGRES MOOD Material's Object-Oriented Database. An object oriented database object-oriented-database system from Tohoku University - . /MOOD MOOSE An object-oriented object-oriented R&D project at CERN - . /OORD/Home_oord MOSAIC - The name given to the first web browser ever made available. MOSAIC is free, and available from NCSA. MOSIAC is compliant to the latest releases of the HTML specification. Mosaic An X-Window based browser browserfor WWWfrom NCSA - . MOSES Methodology for Object-oriented object-oriented Software Engineering of Systems - . /2GOO MOSPF See Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) /. motif A GUI based on the X window system and distributed by the Open software foundation. Motif A windowing environment for the X Window System. Motif The standard Graphical User Interface and window manager window-manager from OSF OSF, running on theX Window System X-Window-System - . /Motif mounting directories Logically attaching the root directory of one file system to some other directory so that you can treat all the files in the file system as though they were subdirectories.Mounts can be local or remote. mouse A pointing device that lets you move the cursor on-screen. Mice (not "mouses") are used in conjunction with GUIs. MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group: An ISO Standards group dealing with video and audio compression techniques and mechanisms for multiplexing and synchronizing various media streams. MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group of ISO ISO that generates standards for digital video (sequences of images in time) and audio compression compression. MPOA Client A device which implements the client side of one or more of the MPOA protocols, (i.e., is a SCP client and/or an RDP client. An MPOA Client is either an Edge Device Functional Group (EDFG) or a Host Behavior Functional Group (HBFG). MPOA Multiprotocol over ATM: An effort taking place in the ATM Forum to standardize protocols for the purpose of running multiple network layer protocols over ATM. MPOA Server An MPOA Server is any one of an ICFG or RSFG. MPOA Service Area The collection of server functions and their clients. A collection of physical devices consisting of an MPOA server plus the set of clients served by that server. MPOA Target A set of protocol address, path attributes, (e.g., internetwork layer QoS, other information derivable from received packet) describing the intended destination and its path attributes that MPOA devices may use as lookup keys. MPRII The Swedish National Board for Measurement and Testing (SWEDAC) require that products sold in Sweden comply with a set of safety standards known as MPRII, that covers the levels of magnetic and electrical fields in both the VLF and ELF ranges. It is worth noting that there are no scientific studies that conclude that measurements above MPRII levels are hazardous. To measure emissions, a sophisticated testing area that screens out background radiation needs to be in place. Since distance to the CRT and orientation of the measuring device effects measurement, precise placement of the measuring device is essential and difficult to repeat. For the MPR standards, 48 different locations around the monitor need to be measured. In addition, the actual image displayed can have an impact on emissions so that a given set of measurements may not predict the emissions a user would actual encounter. MPV Extension of the VRTX VRTX real-time real-time operating system to support multi-processing. Mrm An ABR service parameter that controls allocation of bandwidth between forward RM-cells, backward RM-cells, and data cells. mrouter A multicast / router. See router /r. MSB Most Significant Bit: The highest order bit in the binary representation of a numerical value. MS-DOS An operating system developed by MicroSoft Corporation for computers using the Intel 16 and 32-bit family of processors. MS-DOS See Disk Operating System (DOS) /d. MSISDN: Mobile Station International Subcriber directory number, commonly known as a phone number. MT Message Type: Message type is the field containing the bit flags of a RM-cell. These flags are as follows: DIR = 0 for forward RM-cells = 1 for backward; RM-cells BN = 1 for Non-Source Generated (BECN), RM-cells = 0 for Source Generated RM-cells CI = 1 to indicate congestion = 0 otherwise NI = 1 to indicate no additive increase allowed = 0 otherwise RA -- Not used for ATM Forum ABR. MTBF Mean Time Between Faults MTP Message Transfer Part: Level 1 through 3 protocols of the SS7 protocol stack. MTP 3 (Level 3) is used to support BISUP. MTU See maximum transmission unit (MTU) /. Multibus A bus standard for microprocessor-based systems, specified by IEEE IEEE Std.796 Multicast Address Resolution Server (MARS) Tracks the multicast-capable hosts and any existing groups for adding and removing multicast routers from a conference. multicast One host multicasts when it wants multiple machines (typically on a WAN) to receive the packet or information. See also anycast /a, broadcast /b, unicast /u. Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) A multicast version of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) /o routing protocol. This multicast routing protocol ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1585.txt scales much better than DVMRP /d. Multicasting The transmit operation of a single PDU by a source interface where the PDU reaches a group of one or more destinations. Multihomed HostComputer connected to more than one physical data link. The data links may or may not be attached to the same network. MultilinkA capability of RAS to combine multiple data stream in to one network connection for the purpose of using more than one modem or ISDN channel in single connection. This feature is new to Windows NT 4.0. Multimedia Human computer interaction involving text, graphics, voice, video etc - . /Multimedia Multi-media See Multimedia Multimedia. Multiple Inheritance In object-oriented object-oriented programming, the possibility that a sub-class may be derived from multiple parents which are themselves not derived one from the other. multiplex, demultiplex To combine multiple signals from possibly disparate sources, in order to transmit them over a single path. At the destination, the data stream is demultiplexed (or demuxed) back into its separate channels. Multiplexed Distribution (MDist) A central service that is built on top of the TMP that distributes large amounts of data, such as the distribution of configuration data in Tivoli's profile-based applications and the distribution of Tivoli/Courier file packages. Multiplexing A function within a layer that interleaves the information from multiple connections into one connection. Multipoint Access User access in which more than one terminal equipment (TE) is supported by a single network termination. Multipoint-to-Multipoint Connection A Multipoint-to-Multipoint Connection is a collection of associated ATM VC or VP links, and their associated nodes, with the following properties: 1. All Nodes in the connection, called endpoints, serve as a Root Node in a Point-to-Multipoint connection to all of the (N-1) remaining endpoints. 2. Each of the endpoints on the connection can send information directly to any other endpoint, but the receiving endpoint cannot distinguish which of the endpoints is sending information without additional (e.g., higher layer) information. Multipoint-to-Point Connection A Point-to-Multipoint Connection may have zero bandwidth from the Root node to the Leaf Nodes, and non-zero return bandwidth from the Leaf Nodes to the Root Node. Such a connection is also known as a Multipoint-to-Point Connection. Note that UNI 4.0 does not support this connection type. Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) An open-ended standard ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2045.txt for including attachments in electronic mail messages. See also attachment /a, mail /, NeXTMail /n. Muse An electronic journal project at Johns Hopkins mux See multiplex /. MVC Model View Controller architecture for interactive software - . /MVC MVE Modular Visualisation Environment. A type of application builder for scientific and other visualisation systems (such as AVS, IBM Data Explorer , IRIS Explorer Khoros). MX record See DNS record types, MX record N NAG Numerical Algorithms Group NAME SERVER Name servers are setup to maintain host addresses for each sub-domain or zone within the name space as well as to maintain the address of root name server. Using recursive, queries or referring clients to other servers, a DNS server is capable of resolving the IP address for any host in the Internet. NAP See Network Access Point (NAP) /. NAPLPS North American Presentation Layer Protocol Syntax. NAS Network Application Support: DEC's approach to applications integration across a distributed multivendor environment. NAS See Network Attached Storage (NAS) /. NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA). NASA has many software engineering projects NASD See Network Attached Storage Device (NASD) /. National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), located at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, is a high-performance computing and communications facility and research center designed to serve the U.S. computational science and engineering community. Native Address An address that matches one of a given node's summary addresses. Navigator A browser developed by Netscape, and the first to support Java Script. NBS National Bureau of Standards: part of the U.S. Department of Commerce, now NIST NIST. NCOSE National Council On Systems Engineering (USA) - . /NCOSE NCS Network Computing System: Apollo's RPC RPC system used by DEC and Hewlett-Packard.The protocol has been adopted by OSF OSF. NCSA National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, IL, USA NCSA See National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) /. NCSS Non-Commented Source Statements. Used as a simple software metric. NDIS Network Driver Interface Specification: Refer to 3COM/Microsoft, LAN Manager: Network Driver Interface Specification, October 8, 1990. NDL National Database Language: a US standard for portability of database definitions and application programs. NDMP See Network Data Management Protocol (NDMP) /. NE Network Element: A system that supports at least NEFs and may also support Operation System Functions/Mediation Functions. An ATM NE may be realized as either a standalone device or a geographically distributed system. It cannot be further decomposed into managed elements in the context of a given management function. NEF Network Element Function: A function within an ATM entity that supports the ATM based network transport services, (e.g., multiplexing, cross-connection). negative caching Some DNS /d servers keep the answer "no such host or domain" cached to minimize response time to the resolver /r. Neighbor Node A node that is directly connected to a particular node via a logical link. NEL Network Element Layer: An abstraction of functions related specifically to the technology, vendor, and the network resources or network elements that provide basic communications services. Neptune A hypertext hypertext system for computer assisted software engineering, developed at Tektronix. nerd A person who spends too much time at the computer. A person, for example, who wanders away from dinner parties to check the computer to see whether any good electronic mail has arrived. NetBEUI Network Basic Input/Output System Extended User Interface. The primary local area network transport protocol in Windows NT. A simple NetBEUI is not layer transport developed to support NetBIOS installations. NetBEUI is not routable, and so it is not appropriate for larger networks. NetBEUI is the faster transport protocol available for Windows NT. NetBIOS A client/server interprocess communication service developed by IBM in the early 1980s. NetBIOS present a relatively primitive mechanism for communication in client/server applications, but its widespread acceptance and availability across most operating systems makes it a logical choice for simple network applications. Many Windows NT network IPC mechanisms are implemented over NetVIOS. NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT) A network service that implements the Net BIOS IPC over the TCP/IP protocol stack. See NetBEUI, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. netCDF Network Common Data Form. A machine-independent, self-describing file format for scientific data - . /SciDataFormats NetClasses A C++ C++ class library class-library for object transport and remote method invocation from Stanford - . ftp://thor.stanford.edu/pub/netclasses/ NetInfo A hierarchical collection of databases used by NEXTSTEP computers for maintaining administrative information such as user accounts, host entries, printer information, and file system /f mounting data. The hierarchy consists of domains /d, or levels. netiquette Rules of polite behavior for sending electronic mail. netnews See USENET news /u. network A bunch of computers connected by some combination of cables, phone lines, satellites, or whatever. A network enables computers (and their users) to share information and peripherals. They are especially good for sharing printers (so that you can all share good but expensive laser printer) and for passing around electronic mail. network A group of machines that share information and resources. A group of smaller networks or subnetworks. See also internet /i, Local Area Network (LAN) /l, subnet /s, Wide Area Network (WAN) /w. Network Access Point (NAP) Telecommunications term for the location where a call (data or voice) enters the telecommunications network. Network Address A unique address that identifies each node, or device on the network. The network address is generally hard-coded into the network card on both the workstation and server. Some network cards aloe you to change this address, but there is seldom a reason to do so. network address An IP /i address represented by a four-byte field written as byte1.byte2.byte3.byte4, where each byte is an ASCII /a numeric representation (0 through 255). See also host /h, Internet /i, network /, subnet /s. network administrator See system administrator /s. Network Attached Storage (NAS) Storage (usually disks but possibly tapes or memory) attached to and distributed (shared) over a network. Usually the environment of a NAS is many computers sharing a lot of data; the typical bottleneck in performance is the file manager or object store. A common example is NFS / over a LAN /l. Network Attached Storage Device (NAS) Developed at CMU /c, a more intelligent peripheral (disk or tape drive) that does its own file management. The drives enforce (but do not define) a security policy. Clients have an NFS /-like interface and access model. Network Data Management Protocol (NDMP) An open protocol for network-based backup of data. Network File System (NFS) Allows file systems /f from one machine to be shared transparently across a network by other machines. Originally defined in RFC 1094 (v2) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1094.txt and RFC 1813 (v2) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1813.txt. Network Information Center (NIC) Originally there was only one, located at SRI International and tasked to serve the ARAPNET (and later DDN) community. Today, there are many NICs operated by local, regional, and national networks all over the world. Such centers provide user assistance, document service, training, and much more. Network Information Center (NIC) The Internet's Network Information Center is responsible for controlling domain /d names across the entire Internet. Network Information Service (NIS) Formerly known as Yellow Pages (YP). A service used for the administration of network-wide databases within a specified domain /d. The databases, called maps, are provided by servers /s (master /m servers which control the domain and are client /c-writable for changes, and/or slave /s servers which are client /c-read-only) to participating hosts (clients) within a specified domain. Network Interface Card (NIC) Physical device that connect computers and other network equipment to the transmission medium used. When installed in a computer's expansion bus slot, a NIC allows the computers to become a workstation on the network. Network Layer The layer of the OSI model that creates a communication path between two computers via routed packets. Transport protocols implement both the network layer and the Transport layer of the OSI stack. IP is a Network layer service. Network Monitoring System (NMS) An application to notify front-line support personnel about problems with applications running on remote machines (such as the trading floor machines). Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) A client/server protocol ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc977.txt for exchanging and reading USENET news /u articles. Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) A client/server protocol for exchanging and reading USENET news /u articles. Network Operating System (NOS) The software that runs on a file server and offers file, print, and other services to client workstations. Windows NT server 4 is an NOS. Other examples include NetWare. Banyan VINES, and IBM LAN server. Network Time Protocol (NTP) A protocol for synchronizing the clocks on all the hosts on a network or subnet to that of a single master time-keeper. Defined in RFC 1119 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1119.txt (v2) and RFC 1305 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1305.txt (v3). Network Time Protocol (NTP) A protocol for synchronizing the clocks on all the hosts on a network or subnet to that of a single master time-keeper. Network-to-Network Interface (NNI) The connection on telecommunications equipment between two disparate telecommunications networks. NeuDL Neural network Neural-network Description Language from the University of Alabama - . /NeuDL Neural net See Neural network Neural-network Neural network A computing device which converts one or more input signals to one or more output signals by means of an interconnected set of elementary non-linear signal processors called neurons. Animal brains are examples of biological neural networks. Artificial Neural Networks are man-made computing devices modelled after their biological counterparts. The features which distinguish artificial neural networks from traditional Von Neumann (sequential) computers are: (a) the elementary processors are highly non-linear (in the limit, they are simple threshold discriminators), (b) the neurons are highly interconnencted which allows a high degree of parallelism and (c) there is no idle memory containing data and programs, but rather each neuron is pre-programmed and continuously active - . /Neural Neural See Neural network Neural-network Neuron See Neural network Neural-network, also McCulloch-Pitts McCulloch-Pitts NEWBIE - A term used to describe someone who is new. New to the Internet, or new to a particular aspect of the internet. NeWS Network extensible Window System from Sun Microsystems, offering facilities similar to those of the X Window System X-Window-System. Communication is based on PostScript PostScript, and server functions can be extended. news See USENET news /u. NEWSGROUPS - A general name given to a vast collection of public access bulletin boards. NewWave A graphical user interface and object-oriented object-oriented environment from Hewlett-Packard, based on Windows Windows and available on UNIX UNIX workstations. NEXT Near End Crosstalk: Equipment that must concurrently receive on one wire pair and transmit on another wire pair in the same cable bundle must accommodate NEXT interference. NEXT is the portion of the transmitted signal that leaks into the receive pair. Since at this point on the link the transmitted signal is at maximum and the receive signal has been attenuated, it may be difficult to maintain an acceptable ACR with the received signal if the cable media allows large amounts of crosstalk leakage to occur. Foiled or shielded cables generally have less crosstalk than unshielded varieties. NeXTMail The application for reading and sending mail on NeXT computers. Can include attachments in messages using drag-and-drop. See also attachment /a, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) /m, mail /m. NeXTstep A graphical interface builder, object-oriented application builder, and windowing software for the NeXT and IBM AIX systems. NeXTstep An extremely cool GUI that runs on NeXT machines. NFF Neutral File Format. A minimal scene description language - . /Graphics NFS (Network File System) A distributed file system developed by Sun Microsystems which allows a set of computers to cooperatively access each other's files in a transparent manner. NFS Network File System. A network system that lets you treat files on another computer in more or less the same way you treat files on your own computer. NFS Network File System: developed by Sun to allow a computer to access files over a network as if they were on local disks; now public domain, a de facto standard. NFS See Network File System (NFS) /. NFT Network File Transfer. An INTERLINK INTERLINK command. Nial Nested Interactive Array Language. A high-level array-oriented procedural language based on a mathematical theory of arrays, developed at Queen's University. It combines APL APL data structure ideas with LISP LISP-style evaluation concepts and a conventional control structure syntax NIAM Natural Language (or Nijssen) Information Analysis Method: a method for data modelling. (see "Conceptual Scheme and Relational Database Design", Nijssen and Halpin, Prentice-Hall, 1989) NIC (Network Information Center) NIC is, generally, any office that handles information for a network. The most famous of these on the Internet is the InterNIC, which is where new domain names are registered. NIC See Network Information Center (NIC) /. NIH The US National Institutes of Health - . gopher://gopher.nih.gov NIHCL A class library Class-libraryfor C++ C++from the NIH NIH- . /NIHCL NII National Information Infrastructure (USA) - . /DIIG NIS Network Information System. A database containing the user names, machine names, and directory names NFS use to give consistent names on all machines on a network. NIS See Network Information Service (NIS) /. NIS+ An extension to the Network Information Service (NIS) / including hierarchical domains, incremental updates to other servers, multiple indices to database tables, and built-in security. Requires the Solaris operating system. N-ISDN Narrowband Integrated Services Digital Network: Services include basic rate interface (2B+D or BRI) and primary rate interface (30B+D - Europe and 23B+D - North America or PRI). Supports narrowband speeds at/or below 1.5 Mbps. NISO National Information Standards Organisation (USA). NISO Standards cover many aspects of library science, publishing, and information services, and address the application of both traditional and new technologies to information services - . /NISO NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA (formerly NBS) NITF National Imagery Transmission Format - . /Graphics NLP Natural Language Processing. NLS Native Language System: a set of interfaces specified by X/Open X/Open for developing applications to run in different natural language environments. NLSP See Novell Link State Protocol (NLSP) /. NLSR Natural Language Software Registry. A summary of the capabilities and sources of language processing software available to researchers NM Network Management Entity: The body of software in a switching system that provides the ability to manage the PNNI protocol. NM interacts with the PNNI protocol through the MIB. NMF Network Management Forum of OSI OSI NML Network Management Layer: An abstraction of the functions provided by systems which manage network elements on a collective basis, so as to monitor and control the network end-to-end. NMS Environment A set of NMS which cooperate to manage one or more subnetworks. NMS Network Management System: An entity that implements functions at the Network Management Layer. It may also include Element Management Layer functions. A Network Management System may manage one or more other Network Management Systems. NMS See Network Monitoring System (NMS) /. NNI Network Node Interface: An interface between ATM switches defined as the interface between two network nodes. NNI See Network-to-Network Interface (NNI) /. NNTP - Network News Transfer Protocol. The server you connect to for newsgroups would be your NNTP server. Named Pipes An interprocess communication mechanism that is implemented as a file system service, allowing programming to be to run on it without using a proprietary application programming interface. Named pipes were developed to support more robust client/server communications than those allowed by the simpler NetBIOS. NNTP NETWORK NEWS TRANSFER PROTOCOL(protocol used to transfer usenet pieces on the internet) NNTP Network News Transfer Protocol: the protocol used for distributing news on the Internet Internet. NNTP See Network News Transfer Protocol(NNTP) /. Nodal Attribute A nodal state parameter that is considered individually to determine whether a given node is acceptable and/or desirable for carrying a given connection. Nodal Constraint A restriction on the use of nodes for path selection for a specific connection. Nodal Metric A nodal parameter that requires the values of the parameter for all nodes along a given path to be combined to determine whether the path is acceptable and/or desirable for carrying a given connection. Nodal State Parameter Information that captures an aspect or property of a node. Node In TCP/IP, an IP addressable computer systems, such as workstation, servers, minicomputers, mainframes, and routers. In IPX networks, the terms is usually applied to nonserver devices: workstation and printers. Node see Hypertext Hypertext Node Synonymous with logical node. Normal form A relation relation in a relational database relational-database is said to be in normal form if it satisfies certain constraints. Codd's original work defined three such forms. NoteCards An ambitious hypertext hypertext system developed at Xerox PARC, "designed to support the task of transforming a chaotic collection of unrelated thoughts into an integrated, orderly interpretation of ideas and their interconnections". notice A message concerning some operation or change in the distributed system. Novell A proprietary local area network protocol developed by Novell Netware for the interconnection of PC PCs over Ethernet Ethernet. Novell Link State Protocol (NLSP) The equivalent of Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) /o for IPX /i RIP /r and SAP services. Much more efficient in its use of bandwidth and improved stability. novell netware A network system that works on PCs, Macs, and Unix. NOWEB A system of structured programming and documentation from M.Speh in DESY. See Literate Programming Literate-Programming NPC Network Parameter Control: Network Parameter Control is defined as the set of actions taken by the network to monitor and control traffic from the NNI. Its main purpose is to protect network resources from malicious as well as unintentional misbehavior which can affect the QoS of other already established connections by detecting violations of negotiated parameters and taking appropriate actions. Refer to UPC. NQIC National Quality Information Centre of the IQA IQA systems. NQS Batch processing software for UNIX UNIX systems. NREN National Research and Education Network (USA) - . ftp://nic.merit.edu/nren/ Nrm An ABR service parameter, Nrm is the maximum number of cells a source may send for each forward RM-cell. NS record See DNS record types, NS record /d. NSAI National Stsndards Authority of Ireland. NSAP NETSCAPE COMMERCE AND ENTERPRISE SERVER NSAP Network Service Access Point: OSI generic standard for a network address consisting of 20 octets. ATM has specified E.164 for public network addressing and the NSAP address structure for private network addresses. NSE Network Software Environment: a proprietary CASE framework CASE-framework from Sun Microsystems. NSF National Science Foundation (USA) NSR Non-Source Routed: Frame forwarding through a mechanism other than Source Route Bridging. NSRD National Software Reuse Directory. A directory of reusable software in the ASSET ASSET system, now incorporated in the Asset Reuse Library. NT Network Termination: Network Termination represents the termination point of a Virtual Channel, Virtual Path, or Virtual Path/Virtual Channel at the UNI. NTFS See Windows NT File System (NTFS) /w. NTIS National Technical Information Service of the US Department of Commerce. NTP NETWORK TIME PROTOCOL ( protocol used to synchronize time between computers on Internet) NTP Network Time Protocol: a protocol built on top of TCP/IP TCP/IP that allows local clocks to be synchronised with reference clocks on the Internet Internet. NTP See Network Time Protocol (NTP) /. NTSC National Television System Committee: An industry group that defines how television signals are encoded and transmitted in the US. Nu Thena A software vendor specialising in rapid prototyping tools for real-time hardware and software systems, collaborating with DAZIX DAZIX. Nucleus The interior reference point of a logical node in the PNNI complex node representation. NURBS Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines, a technique used in CAD CAD etc. - . /NURBS NuThena See Nu-Thena Nu-Thena nx64K This refers to a circuit bandwidth or speed provided by the aggregation of nx64 kbps channels (where n= integer 1). The 64K or DS0 channel is the basic rate provided by the T Carrier systems. O OAK An early name for Java Java OAM Operations Administration and Maintenance: A group of network management functions that provide network fault indication, performance information, and data and diagnosis functions. OATH Object-oriented Abstract Type Hierarchy, a class library Class-libraryfor C++ C++from Texas Instruments - . /COOL Oberon A programming language developed by N. Wirth and J. Gutknecht as a successor to Modula 2 Modula-2 - . /Oberon OBEX: Obeject Exchange Protocol, is a sesson protocol developed by the IrDA that allows the exchange of data in a simple and spontaneous mannr. Previously known as IrOBEX, it provides the same basic functionality aHTTP. object A type of variable that can store multiple values, called properties, and functions, called methods. object adapter Routines which provide an interface to ORB / services that is convenient for a particular style of object implementation. There are several kinds of object adapters, for example the Basic Object Adapter (BOA) /b, the Library Object Adapter (LOA) /l, and the Object-Oriented Database Adapter. object An identifiable, encapsulated entity that provides one or more services on request; entities in a distributed computer environment that are being managed; a model of the physical resources that are to be managed. object group A named logical entity to which one or more objects belong and over which an administrator is granted one or more roles. object implementation The provider of a service for a requestor (client /c); the Server. Object In object-oriented object-oriented programming, an instance of a data structure defined according to the template provided by its class, and which can respond to the messages defined by its class. Object Management Group (OMG) Object Management Group, Inc. is a non-profit international association of over 300 companies headquartered in Framingham, MA, whose goal is to define an architectural object framework through a series of detailed interface specifications. Object management system In an IPSE IPSE, the system which maintains information about the system under development. Object Request Broker (ORB) Delivers a request from a client to an object implementation. ORB provides the mechanisms by which objects transparently make requests and receive responses, providing interoperability between applications on different machines in heterogeneous distributed environments. object type A set of objects that share a common interface; the characteristics that are common to a group of objects. ObjectBroker A distributed object system from DEC based on the CORBA CORBA standard. ObjectCenter A product offering similar facilities to CodeCenter CodeCenter for the C++ C++ language, plus class browsing facilities etc (formerly Saber-C++) - . /PTTOOL/ObjectCenter/Tool Objecteering An Object Oriented design tool from Softeam, based on the Class Relation Methodology, with C++ code generation - . /PTTOOL/Objecteering/Tool Objective C A Smalltalk Smalltalk-like extension of the C language which provides the possibility to use object-oriented object-oriented programming constructs Objective PASCAL An extension of the PASCAL PASCAL language which provides the possibility to use object-oriented object-oriented programming constructs. Object-oriented Applied to analysis, design and programming. The basic concept in this approach is that of objects, which consist of data structures encapsulated with a set of routines, often called "methods" which operate on the data. Operations on the data must be performed via these methods, which are common to all instances of objects of a particular class. Thus, the interface to objects is well defined, and allows the code implementing the methods to be changed so long as the interface remains the same - . /OO Object-oriented database A system offering DBMS DBMS facilities in an object-oriented object-oriented environment. Object-oriented programming see object-oriented object-oriented Objectworks An object-oriented object-oriented development environment developed by ParcPlace, available under Smalltalk Smalltalk and C++ C++. OBST A persistent object management system developed by FZI Karlsruhe for the STONE STONE project - . /OBST OC1, OC3, OC12, OC24, OC48, OC192 Optical carrier standards for telecommunications carriers. Occam A programming language which facilitates writing parallel programs, allowing the programmer to specify whether processes are to be executed sequentially or in parallel. Based on CSP CSP, it was originally developed for the Transputer Transputer - . /Occam OCLC Online Computer Library Center OCR Optical Character Recognition: recognition of printed or written characters by computer - . /OCR OCS Object Compatibility Standard: an 88open 88open standard for compilers and linkers. Octet A term for eight (8) bits that is sometimes used interchangeably with "byte" to mean the same thing. Octets A set of eight bits or one byte. ODA Open (formerly Office) Document Architecture: an ISO ISO standard (8613) for describing documents. It allows text, graphics, and facsimile documents to be transferred between different systems. ODAC The ODA ODA consortium. ODI Open Data-Link Interface: This refers to Novell Incorporated, Open Data-Link Interface Developer's Guide, March 20, 1992. ODIF Open Document Interchange Format: part of the ODA ODA standard. ODL Object Definition Language from ODMG ODMG. ODMG Object Data Management Group. A vendor consortium developing standards for Object Data Definition and Manipulation Languages - . /ODMG ODP Open Distributed Processing. An ISO ISO standardisation activity. ODT Open Desktop. OEW Object Engineering Workbench. A design tool for C++ - OFF Object File Format for interchange and archiving of 3D objects, from Digital Equipment Corporation - . /Graphics OLE Object Linking and Embedding. A distributed object system from Microsoft - . /OLE OLTP On-Line Transaction Transaction Processing: the processing of transactions by computers in real time real-time. OMA Object Management Architecture: a set of standards under study by OMG OMG. OMF Object Management Facility: part of the DAA DAA proposed by Hewlett-Packard and Sun. OMF Open Model Forum for modelling and simulation tool standards - . /OMF OMG Object Management Group: a consortium aimed at setting standards in object-oriented object-orientedprogramming, especially for distributed applications - . /OMG OMG See Object Management Group (OMG) /. OML Object Manipulation Language from ODMG ODMG. OML OPEN Modelling Language OMT An object-oriented object-oriented methodology . OMTool A graphical tool from General Electric Advanced Concepts Center for design and analysis of systems with the OMT methodology with some C++/SQL code generation - . /OMTool ONC Open Network Computing: Sun's network protocols. One Hop Set A set of hosts which are one hop apart in terms of internetwork protocols TTLs (TTL=0 -on the wire+). On-line service A computer you can call, log in to, and use, usually for a fee per hour. Some services provide a pecific set of information:Lexis, for example, provides legal information, and Nexis provides news. Others provide general information: CompuServe, Delphi, and Prodigy, for example provide a wide range of information, including weather, airline flights, and support for many software programs. Others, like MCI Mail, provide electronic mail. OnX A graphics package from LAL Orsay OO Object-oriented Object-oriented: for example Analysis (OOA), Design (OOD), Programming (OOP), Programming Language (OOPL), Data Bases (OODBMS) etc. OOA Object-oriented Object-oriented Analysis. OOD Object-oriented Object-oriented Design. OODBMS Object-oriented Object-oriented database management system. OODL Object-oriented Object-oriented Dynamic Language. OOF Out of Frame. Refer to LOF. OOP Object-oriented Object-orientedprogramming. OOPL Object-oriented programming language: a language such as C++ C++, Eiffel Eiffel, Objective-C Objective-C etc designed to support object-oriented object-oriented programming. OOPSLA Conference on Object-oriented Object-orientedProgramming Systems, Languages and Applications. OOSD Object-oriented Object-oriented structured design: a design method elaborated from structured design and incorporating the essential features of the object-oriented approach. Open Desktop A UNIX environment from SCO SCO. (part of the ACE ACE initiative). Open Inventor An object-oriented object-oriented toolkit for developing interactive 3D graphics applications. It also defines an ASCII file format for exchanging 3D data among applications, which is the basis for VRML - . Open Look A graphical user interface and window manager from Sun and AT&T. open look A GUI based on the X windows system and developed by USL. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) A routing protocol ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1245.txt where a route is chosen based on the fewest number of hops that do not pass through an over-congested router /r or network /n. Open Software Foundation (OSF) An organization created to provide cross-platform software standards. Several common standards include the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) /d and Motif. open software foundation A source of Unix-like and related software. Its best known products are OSF/1 and Motif. Open Software Foundation See OSF OSF. Open System Interconnection (OSI) A model defined by the ISO to conceptually organize the process of communication between computers in terms of seven layers, called protocol stacks. The seven layers of OSI model helps you to understand how communication across various protocols takes place. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) A model for implementing the protocols and interfaces to facilitate communications among computers of different manufacture and technology, being a seven-layer structure of (from lowest to highest) physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. OpenDoc A compound document architecture from CIL CIL based on CORBA CORBA. It aims to enable embedding of features from different applications into a single working document - . /CIL OpenGL An emerging graphics standard providing advanced rendering capabilities - . /OpenGL OpenWindows A server program for the Sun which handles SunView SunView, NeWS NeWS and X Window System X-Window-Systemprotocols. operating system (OS) The computer program or set of instructions that defines how a computer should operate. The underlying program running on a computer that allows the scheduling of jobs and the sharing of various system resources such as memory, disk space, and printers. operating system A special program that controls the way the computer, keyboard, screen, and disks work together. Unix is an operating system, as is DOS. OPERATING SYSTEM An Operating System is what runs your computer. Most computer users have most likely heard of "Windows 95", or "Windows 3.1", or "DOS", or "Macintosh". These are all operating systems that are normally used on private individual computers. A Computer that is used as a Web Server must also have an operating system. The two most common Operating systems used on Web Servers are Unix and NT. operator A character used to divide variables or constants used in an expression. option Known also as a flag or switch. An option is something that tells Unix how to do a command. You type an option on the command, seperated from the command by a space. All options begin with a dash(-). The ls command used with the -l option, for example, produces a file listing with about each file. OQL Object Query Language from ODMG ODMG. Oracle A vendor of database management systems: also their relational DBMS relational-DBMS. Oracle Card A hypercard hypercard-like product from Oracle Oracle for constructing DB applications, running on PC and Macintosh. Oracle Toolkit See Adaptable User Interface Adaptable-User-Interface. Oracle*CASE A set of CASE tools CASE-tools from Oracle. ORB Object Request Broker: part of the OMG OMG standard. ORB See Object Request Broker (ORB) /. ORKID Open Real-time Real-time Kernel Interface Definition. Orthogonality A deviation from true perpendicular of the vertical. OS See operating system (OS) /. OS/2 An operating system from IBM and Microsoft for the PS/2 range of microcomputers - . /OS2 OSA Open Scripting Architecture. A CIL CIL approach to the coexistence of multiple scripting systems. OSE Open Systems Environment. OSF Open Software Foundation. A foundation created by nine computer vendors, (Apollo, DEC, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Bull, Nixdorf, Philips, Siemens and Hitachi) to promote "Open Computing". It is planned that common operating systems and interfaces, based on developments of UNIX UNIX, the X Window System X-Window-System, etc. will be forthcoming for a wide range of different hardware architectures OSF See Open Software Foundation (OSF) /. OSF/1 A version of Unix from the Open Software Foundation. OSI Open Systems Interconnection: A seven (7) layer architecture model for communications systems developed by the ISO for the interconnection of data communications systems. Each layer uses and builds on the services provided by those below it. OSI Open Systems Interconnection: a seven-layer reference model developed by ISO ISO as a framework for the development of standards for interconnecting heterogeneous computers - . /OSI OSI See Open System Interconnection. OSI See Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) /. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) A proposed standard, IGP for the Internet. OSPF Open Shortest Path First: A link-state routing algorithm that is used to calculate routes based on the number of routers, transmission speed, delays and route cost. OSPF See Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) /. OSTC Open Systems Testing Consortium. An open organisation operating harmonised conformance testing services for OSI OSI telecommunications and IT protocols. OTA: Over-The-Air. OTI Open Tool Interface. OUI Organizationally Unique Identifier: The OUI is a three-octet field in the IEEE 802.1a defined SubNetwork Attachment Point (SNAP) header, identifying an organization which administers the meaning of the following two octet Protocol Identifier (PID) field in the SNAP header. Together they identify a distinct routed or bridged protocol. Outlier A node whose exclusion from its containing peer group would significantly improve the accuracy and simplicity of the aggregation of the remainder of the peer group topology. Outside Link A link to an outside node. Outside Node A node which is participating in PNNI routing, but which is not a member of a particular peer group. OVL Object Verification Language from ODMG ODMG. OWL A software company offering the Guide Guide hypertext hypertext system . owner alias An alias that points to the owner of a group alias triplet. See group alias /g. P .profile A hidden file that contains shell commands. If you use the Bourne or Korn shell, this file runs automatically every time you log in. P2P Person to Person. A range of desktop conferencing products from IBM - . /P2P packet A quantum unit of network data. A packet's contents are generally a header portion (with content and routing information) and a data portion (with the actual data). Packet Switching A type of data transmission in which data is divided into packets, each of which has a destination address. Each packet is then routed across a network in an optimal fashion. An addressed packet may travel a different route than packets related to it. Packet sequence numbers are used at the destination node to reassemble related packets. Packet The basic division of data sent over a network. Each packet contains a set amount of data along with a header, containing information about the type of packet and the network address to which it is being sent. The size and format of packets depends on the protocol and frame types used. Packets A unit of information transmitted as a whole from one device to another on a network. PACS Public Access Computer Systems. PAD Packet Assembler and Disassembler: A PAD assembles packets of asynchronous data and emits these buffers in a burst to a packet switch network. The PAD also disassembles packets from the network and emits the data to the non-packet device. PAGE - A web page is not comparable to a real page of printed material, such as a brochure or a page from this document. Web pages can be nearly any length, although for practical reasons most people limit them to less than 400 lines of 80 column text or less. A Web Page is a computer file written in the Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). Page Description Language A language such as Adobe PostScript PostScript or Xerox Interpress Interpress which allow the appearance of a printed page to be described in a high-level device-independent way. Printing then becomes a two-stage process: an application produces a description in the language, which is then interpreted by a specific output device. Such a language can serve as an interchange standard for transmission and storage of printable documents Panda An Internet navigation and information retrieval system from the University of Iowa - Pansophic A Software Engineering company in the US. PAP: Push Accesss Protocol(see also under WAP). PARADIGM PLUS A configurable object-oriented CASE tool from Proto Soft Inc. - . Parallelogram A deviation from true perpendicular of vertical or horizontal from each other. parameter A variable sent to a function when it is called, also known as an argument. PaRC A workstation cluster for engineering computing at CERN PARC See Xerox PARC Xerox-PARC. parent directory The directory that contains the current working directory. That is the current working directory is a subdirectory of the parent directory. Parent Node The logical group node that represents the containing peer group of a specific node at the next higher level of the hierarchy. Parent Peer Group The parent peer group of a peer group is the one containing the logical group node representing that peer group. The parent peer group of a node is the one containing the parent node of that node. Parlog++ An object-oriented extension to MacParlog. It combines object-oriented object-oriented and parallel logic programming logic-programming, giving the benefits of both paradigms within a single coherent development environment. Parser A function that recognizes valid sentences of a language by analysing the syntax structure of a set of tokens tokenspassed to it from a lexical analyzer. partition A portion of a disk. Pascal A programming language designed by N.Wirth for teaching purposes, emphasising structured programming constructs, data structures and strong typing. password A secret blend of herbs and spices..no! A secret series of characters known only to you. You ype your password when you log in. PATCHY A FORTRAN code management code-managementprogram written at CERN /. Path Constraint A bound on the combined value of a topology metric along a path for a specific connection. pathname Instructions for how to get to a file. An absolute pathname tells you how to find a file beginning at the root directory and working down the tree. A relative pathname tells you how to find the file starting where you are now. Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister (PERL) A programming scripting language used heavily in systems administration and web programming with the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) /c. Pattern A formal way to describe a solution to a commonly recurring programming problem - . /Pattern PAW Physics Analysis Workbench - general purpose portable tool for analysis and presentation of physics data PAW++ An extended version of PAW PAW with a Motif Motifhuman interface. payload The 48-byte data portion of an ATM /a cell /c. PBX Private Branch eXchange: PBX is the term given to a device which provides private local voice switching and voice-related services within the private network. A PBX could have an ATM API to utilize ATM services, for example Circuit Emulation Service. PBX See Private Branch eXchange (PBX) /. PC A personal computer, usually one running DOS. As a Unix user, you now can sneer at PCs as "just toys." Now you have a "real computer." Ha! A pc can be used also to act as a terminal so that you can use a computer running Unix.(one of the authors is doing that at this very moment.) A big enough PC can run Unix on its own (that's what the other author is doing.) PC Personal Computer Personal-Computer. PC Protocol Control: Protocol Control is a mechanism which a given application protocol may employ to determine or control the performance and health of the application. Example, protocol liveness may require that protocol control information be sent at some minimum rate; some applications may become intolerable to users if they are unable to send at least at some minimum rate. For such applications, the concept of MCR is defined. Refer to MCR. PC See personal computer (PC) /. PCA A dynamic analyser from DEC giving information on run time performance and code utilisation. P-CAD A CAE CAE system marketed by CADAM, an IBM company. PCL Portable Common LOOPS LOOPS. A portable CLOS CLOS implementation. PCL Printer Control Language (from Hewlett Packard). PCL Printer control language, understood by a variety of printers made by Hewlett Packard. PCM Pulse Code Modulation: An audio encoding algorithm which encodes the amplitude of a repetitive series of audio samples. This encoding algorithm converts analog voice samples into a digital bit stream. PCMCIA: Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. PCO Point of Control and Observation: A place (point) within a testing environment where the occurrence of test events is to be controlled and observed as defined by the particular abstract test method used. PCR Peak Cell Rate: The Peak Cell Rate, in cells/sec, is the cell rate which the source may never exceed. PCR Program Clock Reference: A timestamp that is inserted by the MPEG-2 encoder into the Transport Stream to aid the decoder in the recovering and tracking the encoder clock. PCTE Portable Common Tool Environment: an ECMA ECMA standard framework for software tools developed in the Esprit Esprit programme. It is based on an entity-relationship Object Management System Object-Management-System and defines the way in which tools access this - . /PCTE PCTE+ A European NATO specification based on PCTE PCTE with security enhancements. PCX A bitmap format from Zsoft - . /Graphics PDA: Personal Digital Assistant is the generic term used to describe a family of mobile devices offering users PIM functionality in the form of an electronic phone book, calendar and notepad. PDC See Primary Domain Controller (PDC) /. PDDM Product Data and Document Management. PDF Portable Document Format from Adobe Systems - . /PDF PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy: PDH (plesiochronous means nearly synchronous), was developed to carry digitized voice over twisted pair cabling more efficiently. This evolved into the North American, European, and Japanese Digital Hierarchies where only a discrete set of fixed rates is available, namely, nxDS0 (DS0 is a 64 kbps rate) and then the next levels in the respective multiplex hierarchies. PDL Page Description Language Page-Description-Language. PDL Program Design Language. PDM Product Data Management. An integrated system for managing all types of technical data concerning a product. PDS Planetary Data Systems format from - NASA. /Graphics PDSA cycle Plan, Do, See, Approve (from Japan). PDU Protocol Data Unit: A PDU is a message of a given protocol comprising payload and protocol-specific control information, typically contained in a header. PDUs pass over the protocol interfaces which exist between the layers of protocols (per OSI model). Peer Entities Entities within the same layer. Peer Group A set of logical nodes which are grouped for purposes of creating a routing hierarchy. PTSEs are exchanged among all members of the group. Peer Group Identifier A string of bits that is used to unambiguously identify a peer group. Peer Group Leader A node which has been elected to perform some of the functions associated with a logical group node. Peer Group Level The number of significant bits in the peer group identifier of a particular peer group. Peer Node A node that is a member of the same peer group as a given node. Peer-to Peer Communication A network computer that both shares resources with other computers and accesses the shared resources of other computers. Peer-to Peer Network A local area network in which network resources are shared among workstations, without a file server. PEM Privacy Enhanced Mail. An Internet Internet standard (RFC RFC 1421-1424). PEP Protocol Extension Protocol. A proposed system to allow HTTP HTTP clients and servers to negotiate protocol extensions. Perceptron This term is sometimes used to refer to a single McCulloch-Pitts McCulloch-Pitts neuron, but may also refer to a network of neurons in which the output(s) of some neurons are connected through weighted connections to the input(s) of other neurons. The term multilayer perceptron specifically refers to a network composed of more than one layer of neurons, with some or all of the outputs of each layer connected to one or more of the inputs of another layer. The first layer is called the input layer, the last one is the output layer, and in between there may be one or more hidden layers. peripheral Something that lets the computer communicate with the outside world - mainly with you. The keyboard, screen, mouse, printer, and modem all are peripherals. PERL - Another commonly used programming language used to code server based web applications. PERL Perl is a popular programming language used for creating interactive websites. Perl Practical Extraction and Report Language. An interpreted scripting language for scanning text files, extracting information, and printing reports. It combines features of c c, sed /man?sed, awk awkand sh sh- . /Perl PERL See Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister (PERL) /. Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) A virtual circuit in an ATM /a network that is always up when the switch is up. Used for signalling and routing information. permissions Whoever has permission to look at, change, and execute stuff in a file or directory. Persistence Phosphor characteristic consisting of the ability to emit light after excitation current of electron beam is removed. personal computer (PC) A machine compatible with the 8088/80x86 Intel microprocessor family. A machine capable of emulating the 8088/80x86 Intel microprocessor (such as the NEXTSTEP application SoftPC). Personal Computer A general-purpose single-user microcomputer designed to be operated by one person at a time. PES Packetized Elementary Stream: In MPEG-2, after the media stream has been digitized and compressed, it is formatted into packets before it is multiplexed into either a Program Stream or Transport Stream. Petri net A graphical representation of concurrent systems in terms of tokens, places and transition bars - . /Petri PEX (PHIGS PHIGS Extension to X) Extension to the X Window System X-Window-Systemproviding 3-D graphics support. PG Peer Group: A set of logical nodes which are grouped for purposes of creating a routing hierarchy. PTSEs are exchanged among all members of the group. PGL Peer Group Leader: A single real physical system which has been elected to perform some of the functions associated with a logical group node. PGP Pretty Good Privacy. A set of encryption tools for electronic mail etc. - . /PGP PGP See Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) /. PHIGS Programmers Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System: an ANSI/ISO standard. Phosphor Chemical compound that emits light while being excited by electrons. PHY OSI Physical Layer: The physical layer provides for transmission of cells over a physical medium connecting two ATM devices. This physical layer is comprised of two sublayers: the PMD Physical Medium Dependent sublayer, and the TC Transmission Convergence sublayer. Refer PMD and TC. Physical Layer (PHY) Connection An association established by the PHY between two or more ATM entities. A PHY connection consists of the concatenation of PHY links in order to provide an end-to-end transfer capability to PHY SAPs. Physical LayerThe cables, connectors, and connection ports of a network. These are the passive physical components required to create a network. Physical Link A real link which attaches two switching systems. PI: Push Initiator (see also under WAP). PICS Platform for Internet Content Selection. PICS Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement: A statement made by the supplier of an implementation or system stating which capabilities have been implemented for a given protocol. PID Protocol Identification. Refer to OUI. PID See process ID (PID) /. PII Process Improvement Institute - . /PII.txt PIM Product Information Management. See PDM PDM PIM: Personal Information Manager. Pincushion An inward bowing of the video image. All monitors experience slight amount of pincushion distortion. The manufacturer has a guideline on what the specification is for each model. The pincushion changes per resolution and also according to the size of the image. Pincushion is similar to bowing or barrel distortion. PING - A command, which allows you to verify a connection from the machine, you are on, to another machine on the internet. Ping (Packet internet Groper) A packet used to test reachability of destination by sending them an ICMP echo request and waiting for reply. The term is used as a verb: "Ping host A to see if it is up." PinK PinK is not KUIP. An interface between Tcl /Tk , BLT, ADAMO and DAD from DESY - pipe The | character used to redirect the output of one command so that it becomes the input of another command. PIXIT Protocol Implementation eXtra Information for Testing: A statement made by a supplier or implementor of an IUT which contains information about the IUT and its testing environment which will enable a test laboratory to run an appropriate test suite against the IUT. PKI: Public Key Infrastructure. Plastic Fiber Optics An optical fiber where the core transmission media is plastic in contrast to glass or silica cores. Proposed plastic fibers generally have larger attenuation and dispersion than glass fiber but may have applications where the distance is limited. Plastic systems may also offer lower cost connectors that may be installed with simple tools and a limited amount of training. platter A single piece of magnetic or magnetic/optical media on which data is stored. Multiple platters make up a disk. See also cylinder /c, track /t. PLCP Physical Layer Convergence Protocol: The PLCP is defined by the IEEE 802.6. It is used for DS3 transmission of ATM. ATM cells are encapsulated in a 125microsecond frame defined by the PLCP which is defined inside the DS3 M-frame. Plexus A set of modular WWW server software written in Perl PLL Phase Lock Loop: Phase Lock Loop is a mechanism whereby timing information is transferred within a data stream and the receiver derives the signal element timing by locking its local clock source to the received timing information. PM Physical Medium: Physical Medium refers to the actual physical interfaces. Several interfaces are defined including STS-1, STS-3c, STS-12c, STM-1, STM-4, DS1, E1, DS2, E3, DS3, E4, FDDI-based, Fiber Channel-based, and STP. These range in speeds from 1.544Mbps through 622.08 Mbps. PMD Physical Media Dependent: This sublayer defines the parameters at the lowest level, such as speed of the bits on the media. PMM Process Maturity Model. PNG Portable Network Graphics. A standard for bitmapped image files PNI Permit Next Increase: An ABR service parameter, PNI is a flag controlling the increase of ACR upon reception of the next backward RM-cell. PNI=0 inhibits increase. The range is 0 or 1. PNNI Private Network-Network Interface: A routing information protocol that enables extremely scalable, full function, dynamic multi-vendor ATM switches to be integrated in the same network. PNNI Protocol Entity The body of software in a switching system that executes the PNNI protocol and provides the routing service. PNNI Routing Control Channel VCCs used for the exchange of PNNI routing protocol messages. PNNI Routing Domain A group of topologically contiguous systems which are running one instance of PNNI routing. PNNI Routing Hierarchy The hierarchy of peer groups used for PNNI routing. PNNI Topology State Element A collection of PNNI information that is flooded among all logical nodes within a peer group. PNNI Topology State Packet A type of PNNI Routing packet that is used for flooding PTSEs among logical nodes within a peer group. POH Path Overhead: A maintenance channel transmitted in the SONET overhead following the path from the beginning multiplexer to the ending demultiplexer. This is not implemented in SONET Lite. Point to Point Protocol (PPP) The successor protocol (RFC 1661) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1661.txt to SLIP /s; PPP provides a point-to-point connection between individual entities using either a synchronous or an asynchronous data link. One of its primary features is the ability for one side to configure the IP /i address of the other side. Point-to-Multipoint Connection A Point-to-Multipoint Connection is a collection of associated ATM VC or VP links, with associated endpoint nodes, with the following properties: 1. One ATM link, called the Root Link, serves as the root in a simple tree topology. When the Root Node sends information, all of the remaining nodes on the connection, called Leaf Nodes, receive copies of the information. 2. Each of the Leaf Nodes on the connection can send information directly to the Root Node. The Root Node cannot distinguish which Leaf is sending information without additional (higher layer) information. (See note below for UNI 4.0 support) 3. The Leaf Nodes cannot communicate directly to each other with this connection type. Note: UNI 4.0 does not support traffic sent from a Leaf to the Root. Point-to-Point Connection A connection with only two endpoints. policy A rule that an administrator places on the system, providing a way for an administrator to customize applications to organization-specific needs; policies are rules that govern the management of resources. 1. (Security.) A long-term, broad strategy, with detail on interpretation and implementation. policy independence A characterstic of the X window system in which windows can look and act any way the software developers want. This idea is the converse of the idea that, if all the windows on your screen look and act in a similar way, they will be easier for you to use. policy region Associates specific policies with instances of policy-driven object types in order to enforce the application of these policies to managed resources; a policy region is a collection of TME /t resources that are governed by a common set of policies /. policy-driven object An object /o for which policies / have been defined and whose behavior is determined by those policies. Polling The process by which a computer periodically ask each terminal or device on a LAN if it has message to send, and then allows each to send data in turn. On a multipoint connection or a point-to-point connection, polling is the process whereby data stations are invited one at a time to transmit. Polymorphism In object-oriented object-orientedprogramming, the term is used to describe variables which may refer at run-time to objects of different classes. For example, the variable "myVehicle" could refer to an object of class "motorCar" or "Truck". POP See Post Office Protocol (POP) /. POP: Post Office Protocol, a protocol used to retrieve e-mail from a web server. Port Identifier The identifier assigned by a logical node to represent the point of attachment of a link to that node. Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) A standard operating system interface that allows both Berkeley-based and AT&T-based Unix systems to share a common system call interface. portable software Software (programs) that can be run on a number of different kinds of computers. Unix is portable because it runs on an amazing number of different types of computers. POSIX Portable Operating System Interface for computer environments. A set of IEEE IEEE standards designed to provide application portability. IEEE1003.1 defines a UNIX UNIX-like operating system interface, 1003.2 the shell and utilities, and 1003.4 real-time real-time extensions. POSIX See Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) /. POSIX The IEEE portable operating system interface. (Aren't you glad you asked?) POSIX defines a family of definitions of how parts of computer systems work with each other and incidentally, with users. POSIX is intended to look just like Unix but to be independent of any specific vendor. There are about a dozen members of the POSIX family; the one you care about is 1003.2 (known as "dot two") and the related user portability extension (UPE). Together, they define the way the commands and shells work. A system that compiles with 1003.2 and UPE looks enough like Unix that everything in this book applies to it. POSS Persistent Object Service Specification: an OMG OMG specification. Post Office Protocol (POP) A protocol (a precursor to Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) /i) that defines how a client /c should fetch mail from and return mail to a mail server /s. Defined in RFC 937 (v2) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc937.txt and in RFC 1939 (v3) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1939.txt. POSTGRES An active DBMS active-DBMS from Univ. of Calif. Berkeley. postscript A computer language spoken by printers and the programs that communicate with these printers. PostScript enables printers to print a wonderful array of characters in all kinds of sizes and shapes, as well as pictures. When a program wants to print something on a PostScript printer, rather than just send the characters to print, it has to send a PostScript program that tells the printer how to print the stuff. Postscript A page description language page-description-language from Adobe Systems Inc. Its primary application is to describe the appearance of text, graphical shapes and sampled images on printed or displayed pages. A program in PostScript can communicate a document description from a composition system to a printing system in a device-independent way. Many printers now interpret PostScript directly Potential Browser A computer on a network that a may maintain a list of other computers and services on the network if requested to do so by a Master browser. PPG: Push Proxy Gateway. PPP - Point to Point Protocol. PPP is a superset of the TCP/IP protocols. Built upon that foundation, but instead of allowing one computer to be able to talk to many, it relies on the fact that the other computer it's linked with has that ability and therefore does not need it. PPP Point to Point Protocol. PPP Point-to-Point Protocol. This protocol allows the sending of IP packets on a dial-up (serial) connection. Supports compression and IP Address negotiation. PPP See Point to Point Protocol (PPP) /. PPP: Point to Point Protocol, defined by the IETF. This protocol defines the means to transfer IP packets to and from a LAN. PPTP Point to Point Tunneling Protocol. Pragma A standardised form of kluge in Ada Ada. Predicate calculus A notation for representing logical statements which goes beyond propositional calculus in certain ways. prefix The network-specific portion of a CIDR /c address. The prefix identifies the network routing information, such as the network address or subnet information. PREMO Presentation Environment for Multimedia Objects. An ISO ISO standard under development for creation, presentation and interaction with information using single or multiple media Presentation Layer That layer of the OSI model that converts and translates (if necessary) information between the Session and Application layers. Presentation Manager The user interface to the OS/2 OS/2 system. Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) A public key/private key encryption scheme used to digitally sign messages, encrypt files, of both. PRI Primary Rate Interface: An ISDN standard for provisioning of 1.544 Mbit/s (DS1 - North America, Japan, et al) or 2.048 Mbit/s (E1 - Europe) ISDN services. DS1 is 23 "B" channels of 64 kbit/s each and one signalling "D" channel of 64 kbit/s/ E1 is 30 "B" channels of 64 kbit/s each and one signalling "D" channel of 64 kbit/s. primary A DNS /d server with local files; like an NIS /n master /m server. Primary Domain Controller (PDC) A Windows NT server containing the master copy of the account database for a domain. Changes are written to the PDC before being replicated to the Backup Domain Controllers (BDC) /b in the domain. Primary Domain Controller (PDC) The domain server that contains the master copy of the security, computer, and user accounts databases and that can authenticate workstation. The primary domain controller can replicate its databases to one or more backup domain controllers and is usually also the Master browser for the domain. Primitive An abstract, implementation independent, interaction between a layer service user and a layer service provider. principal The name of a service, administrator or user registered in a security database such as Kerberos /k, in order to give that name various access privileges. principle (Security.) High-level fundamentals. printer A machine that marks on paper, preferably representing the letters or pictures you requested. There are many kinds of printers. The printer may be connected to your computer; if you are on a network, it may be connected to a computer elsewhere in your office. To find it, just listen for the sound of printing or follow people around for a while. Private ATM Address A twenty-byte address used to identify an ATM connection termination point. Private Branch eXchange (PBX) A telephone switch local to and belonging to an organization other than a carrier. See also Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) /. privilege The level of security required to access an object /o. procedure (Security.) Details on how to achieve various highly-sensitive tasks. process A running program. process ID (PID) The unique identifier for a process in the system process table. Process/Application Layer The upper layer in the DoD model that refers to the Application, Presentation, and Session Layers of the OSI model. ProDoc A set of tools for software documentation from SPC SPC profile Configuration information that describes a certain capability or setup; a prototype for configuration information or properties that are common to a group of machines or that apply to an application. Profile: is basically a schema that encapsulates the display or network. Project assurance The process of specifying the support system: techniques, internal standards, measurements, tools, and training for a project; counseling the project team in the application of these elements and monitoring the adherence to the standards. Project management The process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling the production of a system. Software tools are available to help with this - . /proj-plan/faq Project planning See Project management project-management. PROLOG A language for PROgramming in LOGic. Prometheus A high-level programming language designed for logic, mathematics, and artificial intelligence. It contains elements from C, Pascal, LISP and Prolog plus novel features - prompt The character or characters displayed whenever Unix (or some other program) is waiting for you to type something. The two common Unix prompts are $ (if you use the Bournre or korn shell ) or % (if you use the C shell). property A variable that is stored as part of an object. Each object can have any number of properties. Propositional calculus A system of symbolic logic. PROST Programme for Research in Open Systems Testing of the DTI DTI protection domain Describes the bounds of an operation and the data that needs to be serialized or protected from other threads of execution. Protocol A set of rules and formats (semantic and syntactic) that determines the communication behavior of layer entities in the performance of the layer functions. Protocol An agreement about how to transmit data, especially across networks. Low level protocols define the electrical and physical standards to be observed, and deal with the transmission and error detection and correction of the bit stream. High level protocols deal with the data formatting, including the form of messages, the terminal to computer dialogue, files, etc. Protocol Control Information Information exchanged between corresponding entities, using a lower layer connection, to coordinate their joint operation. Protocol Suite A collection of protocols that are associated with and that implement a particular communication model (such as the networking model, or the OSI reference model). protocol The control information used to establish a procedure for transmitting data between peer entities; protocols describe the form in which data will be transmitted, the method to keep sending and receiving units synchronized, and how the data will be checked for errors. PROTOCOL The must follow regulations that govern the transmission and receipt of information across a data communications link.Languages that computers use to talk to each other.A set of standards that assures that different network products can work together.Any product using a given protocol should work with any other product using the same protocol. Prototyper An interface builder for the Macintosh from Smethers Barnes . Prototyping The creation of a model and the simulation of all aspects of a product. CASE tools CASE-tools support different degrees of prototyping. Some offer the end-user the ability to review all aspects of the user interface and the structure of documentation and reports before code is generated. PRS Primary Reference Source prune Remove unnecessary or unused branches from a multicast /m router (mrouter /m) network when no sites on those branches are part of a multipoint call. PS PostScript PostScript. PSA Problem Statement Analyzer: see PSL/PSA PSL/PSA. Pseudocode A notation resembling a programming language but not intended for actual compilation. It usually combines some of the structure of a programming language with an informal natural-language description of the computations to be carried out. It is often produced by CASE CASE systems as a basis for later hand coding. PSL Problem Statement Language: see PSL/PSA PSL/PSA. PSL Problem Statement Language: see PSL/PSA PSL/PSA. PSL/PSA Problem Statement Language/Problem Statement Analyser: a CASE CASE system developed by D.Teichroew. It allows computer-based development and analysis of a statement of requirements, and assistance during the design phase. PSP Personal Software Process. Methods to improve the quality of work of individual software engineers - . /PSP PSTN See Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) /. PT Payload Type: Payload Type is a 3-bit field in the ATM cell header that discriminates between a cell carrying management information or one which is carrying user information. PTI Payload Type Indicator: Payload Type Indicator is the Payload Type field value distinguishing the various management cells and user cells. Example: Resource Management cell has PTI=110, end-to-end OAM F5 Flow cell has PTI=101. PTI Portable Tool Interface: a standard such as PCTE PCTE, allowing interworking between different software tools via defined interfaces to the user and to the repository or object management system. PTMPT Point-To-Multipoint: A main source to many destination connections. PTR record See DNS record types, PTR record /d. PTS Presentation Time Stamp: A timestamp that is inserted by the MPEG-2 encoder into the packetized elementary stream to allow the decoder to synchronize different elementary streams (i.e. lip sync). PTSE PNNI Topology State Element: A collection of PNNI information that is flooded among all logical nodes within a peer group. PTSP PNNI Topology State Packet: A type of PNNI Routing packet that is used for flooding PTSEs among logical nodes within a peer group. Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) A global network of interconnected digital and analog communication links originally designed to support voice communication between any two points in the world. It was quickly adapted to handle digital data traffic when the in the world. It was quickly adapted to handle digital data traffic when the computer revolution occurred. In addition to its voice support role, the PSTN now functions as the Physical layer of the Internet by providing dial-up and leased lines for private and public use. Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) The network of telephone switches and other hardware belonging to a telephone company. PureLink An incremental linker from Pure Software - . /Pure Purify A debugging tool from Pure Software - . /Pure Purity The ability of the electron beam to lit precisely the correct phosphor color dot. If a full page of red color is shown on the display, impurity would result in a purple or greenish color region. This impurity can occur if the shadow mask has been damaged or if the screen has become magnetized. Degaussing the screen may fix the problem. PURL Persistent URL URL. Instead of pointing directly to the location of an Internet Internet resource, a PURL points to a resolution service that associates the PURL with the actual URL and returns that URL to the client. See the OCLC PURL Service. Push Message: is a message from a PI, which is pushed to one or more (Multicast Message) clients. pushpin A cute, little gizmo in the upper left corner of an OPEN LOOK window. If you push in the pushpin, it pins the window so that it stays open. Cute, no? PV~WAVE Interactive scientific visualisation software from Visual Numerics - . PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit: This is a link with static route defined in advance, usually by manual setup. PVC See Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) /. PVCC Permanent Virtual Channel Connection: A Virtual Channel Connection (VCC) is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI/VCI fields of each cell. A Permanent VCC is one which is provisioned through some network management function and left up indefinitely. PVPC Permanent Virtual Path Connection: A Virtual Path Connection (VPC) is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI field only of each cell. A Permanent VPC is one which is provisioned through some network management function and left up indefinitely. Q Q.2931 An ATM /a signalling protocol from the ITU /i. Q.SIG A symmetrical adaptatation of N-ISDN signalling (DSS1) for inter-PBX signalling. QA Quality Assurance. QAM Quality Assurance Management. QBE A query language. QD Queuing Delay: Queuing Delay refers to the delay imposed on a cell by its having to be buffered because of unavailability of resources to pass the cell onto the next network function or element. This buffering could be a result of oversubscription of a physical link, or due to a connection of higher priority or tighter service constraints getting the resource of the physical link. QIP Quality Improvement Paradigm. QOS Quality Of Service. QoS Quality of Service: Quality of Service is defined on an end-to-end basis in terms of the following attributes of the end-to-end ATM connection: ? Cell Loss Ratio ? Cell Transfer Delay ? Cell Delay Variation QoS See quality of service (QoS) /. quality of service (QoS) The service level defined by a service agreement between a network user and a network provider, which guarantees a certain level of bandwidth and data flow rates. Quantify A performance analysis tool from Pure Software - . /Pure Query language A language such as SQL SQL whereby users of a database system can interactively formulate requests, generate reports etc. queue A first in, first out data structure. Print jobs are queued. See also stack /s. queue A waiting line, just as in real life. The most common queue is the print queue, in which the output of lp or lpr commands waits in line to get printed. R RAD Rapid Application Development. Often applied to tools such as Microsoft Visual Basic Visual-Basic, Borland Delphi, Oracle Power Objects. RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks. A data storage technique. RAID See Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) /. RAL Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK) RAM See Random-access memory. Rapid Deployment Services (RDS) A service offered by TPS /t to help bring a TME /t installation quickly online. RARE Reseaux Associes pour la Recherche Europeenne: an association of national and international European networks and users - . /RIPE RARP See Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) /. RARPThe TCP/IP protocol that allows a computer with a Physical layer address (such as an Ethernet address) but not an IP address to request a numeric IP address from another computer on the network. RBOC Regional Bell Operating Company: Seven companies formed to manage the local exchanges originally owned by AT&T. These companies were created as a result of an agreement between AT&T and the United States Department of Justice. RBSE Repository Based Software Engineering. A NASA NASA research and development programme RCS A code management code-management system. RD Routing Domain: A group of topologically contiguous systems which are running one instance of routing. Rdb DEC's SQL-based relational DBMS for VAX/VMS. RDBA Remote Database Access: a standard permitting the exchange of information between different DBMS systems. RDBMS Relational database management system. RDF Rate Decrease Factor: An ABR service parameter, RDF controls the decrease in the cell transmission rate. RDF is a power of 2 from 1/32,768 to 1. RDS See Rapid Deployment Services (RDS) /. read-only A file that can be read (copied, and so on) but not written (changed). Unix has a system of permissions that enables the owner of the file, the owner's group, or all users to have or not have permission to read, write, or execute file. Real World Screen Size Starting out with a 17' monitor, adding the bezel and then having a border around the actual video image may result in a diagonal picture size of only 14". With new technology, there is a way to increase the viewing size but there are some limitations. realm A set of hosts that share the same Kerberos /k database. Real-time Generally used to describe systems that must guarantee a response to an external event within a given time real-time Right now, as opposed to whenever the computer gets around to it. Realtime see real-time real-time record types See DNS record types /d. recursion See infinite loop /i. redirection To hijack the output of a command, which is usually on-screen, and put it somewhere else (this process is called output redirection). Alternatively, you can use information from somewhere else as the input for a command (called input redirection) rather than take the input from the keyboard. To redirect the output of a command to a file, use the character. To redirect the output of one command to become the input to another command, use the pipe(|) character. Redocumentation The creation or revision of a semantically equivalent representation within the same relative abstraction level. The resulting forms of representation are usually considered alternate views intended for a human audience. Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) A set of multiple disks that exchange data in such a way as to permit the failure of at least one without losing any data. There are multiple levels of RAID, including: Reengineering see Reverse engineering Reverse-engineering Re-engineering The examination and modification of a system to reconstitute it in a new form and the subsequent implementation of the new form - . /Reverse REFINE A set of reverse engineering Reverse-engineering tools from Reasoning Systems Refresh rates An ergonomic issue that is directly related to long term ease of use. A higher refresh rate translates to a more "flicker" free display. Bandwidth, horizontal and vertical scanning rates depict a monitor's ability to provide a higher resolution and refresh rate. register The act of adding a record to the Domain Name System (DNS) /d for a given domain /d. Registration The address registration function is the mechanism by which Clients provide address information to the LAN Emulation Server. RegistryWindows NT combined configuration database. Relation A table in a relational database relational-database Relational database See Relational DBMS Relational-DBMS. Relational DBMS A DBMS DBMS based on the relational model developed by Codd. It allows the definition of data structures, storage and retrieval operations, and integrity constraints. In such a database, the data and relations between them are organised in tables. INGRES and Oracle are well-known examples. Relaying A function of a layer by means of which a layer entity receives data from a corresponding entity and transmits it to another corresponding entity. Released version A version of an object that is not modifiable, as designated by some person. Also known as baseline. See change management change-management. remote login Logging in to another computer from your own computer. This process requires that your computer be on a network or have a phone connection. Remote Monitoring (RMON) A network monitoring protocol defined in RFC 2074 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2074.txt. remote mount Using NFS to connect directories from disk drives on other machines so that they appear as part of your file system. Remote Procedure Call (RPC) The remote procedure call structure developed by Sun for communication between clients and servers. See RFC 1050 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1050.txt, RFC 1057 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1057.txt, and RFC 1831 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1831.txt for more. Rendezvous In Ada Ada, the method of synchronising the activity of different tasks. replica See state database /s. Repository The core of a CASE CASE tool is typically a DBMS DBMS where all development documents are stored. request alias An alias /a for list requests (typically subscription and resignation requests) that points to the owner alias in a group alias triplet. See group alias /g. request An event; that is, something that occurs at a particular time, causing a service to be performed. Request For Comments (RFC) A document published on the Internet involving one or more Internet-related technical topic, such as the formats of message headers in mail (SMTP, MIME ) or news. An index is available and authors' instructions are on the IETF web site. Request for Comments (RFCs) The set of standards defining the Internet protocols as determined by the Internet Engineering Task Force and available in the public domain on the Internet. RFCs define the functions and services provided by each of the many Internet protocols. Compliance with the RFCs guarantees cross-vendor compatibility. request ID The ID number of a print job as it waits in the print queue for the printer daemon to get around to printing it. You need to know the request ID if you want to cancel printing when, for example, the output is horribly fouled up and wasting lots of paper. REQUEST REliability and QUality of European Software Technology. An Esprit Esprit project (now terminated). Requirements The first stage of software development should be to define requirements with the potential users. In modern methods these requirements should be testable, and will usually be traceable in later development stages - . /Requirement Resolution The number of pixels or dots per linear distance, dots per inch (DPI). Tilt The angle of the CRT with respect to the horizontal mounting bracket of the chassis. Tilt can vary depending on the monitors orientation to the Earth's magnetic poles. Monitor manufacturers orient and align their products in the Eastern direction. When the monitor is facing a north/south direction, there may be a slight rotation of the image. resolver The DNS /d client; provides a programming interface, utilities, and libraries. resources Items corresponding to the systems, devices, services, and facilities in a distributed system. restore The process of taking data saved to tape and putting it back onto disk. See also backup /b. Restructuring The transformation from one representation form to another at the same relative abstraction level, while preserving the subject system's external behavior (functionality and semantics). return key When you use a Unix shell, pressing Return means that you have just typed a command and you want Unix to do it. When you use a text editor, pressing Return means that you want to begin a newline. The Enter key and the Return key usually do the same thing (your keyboard may have one, the other, or both). Reusability The possibility of using code developed for one application in another application: traditionally achieved using program libraries. Object-oriented Object-oriented programming offers the potential for greater reusability of code via its techniques of inheritance inheritance, genericity genericity etc. Class libraries with intelligent browsers and application generators are under development to help in this process. Reuse The planned use of software artefacts for the solution of multiple problems - . /Reuse Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) A protocol (RFC 903) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc903.txt that defines how a computer can obtain its IP /i address from its MAC /m address. Reverse Engineering The process of analyzing an existing system to identify its components and their interrelationships, and create representations of the system in another form or at a higher level of abstraction. Usually undertaken in order to redesign the system for better maintainability - . /Reverse reverse lookup Looking up a DNS /d name from its address, generally by translating the IP address a.b.c.d into reverse order (d.c.b.a.in-addr.arpa). See also lookup /l. revert Discard all changes and return to the last-saved version. RFC Request For Comment. The name by which Internet Internet standards are known RFC Request For Comment: The development of TCP/IP standards, procedures and specifications is done via this mechanism. RFCs are documents that progress through several development stages, under the control of IETF, until they are finalized or discarded. RFC See Request For Comments (RFC) /. RFC: Request For Comments. RFC1695 Definitions of Managed Objects for ATM Management or AToM MIB. RFCOMM: Serial cable emulation protocol, protocol that emulates serial cable control and data signals and that provides transport capabilities in a wireless environment for protocols that use serial line as their usual transport mechanisms. RFI Radio Frequency Interface: Refer to EMI. RFS Remote File Sharing. Like NFS A program that lets you treat files on another computer in more or less the same way as you treat files on your own computer. RFT Request For Technology - process established by OSF to get proposals for new standards. Rich Text Format (RTF) A method of encoding ASCII text to allow formatting such as italics and boldface, as well as font, style, and color information. Used as a standard means of transferring information between different vendors' word processor applications. RIF Rate Increase Factor: This controls the amount by which the cell transmission rate may increase upon receipt of an RM-cell. The additive increase rate AIR=PCR*RIF. RIF is a power of 2, ranging from 1/32768 to 1. RIFF Resource Interchange File Format from Microsoft - . /Graphics RIP Routing Information Protocol. A distance-vector routing protocol used on many TCP/IP inernetworks and IPX networks. The distance-vector algorithm uses a "fewest-hops" routing calculation method. RIP See Routing Information Protocol (RIP) /. RIPE Reseaux IP Europeens. A collaborative organisation of European Internet Internet service providers - . /RIPE RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer. A type of CPU chip. Different from CISC, but not in a way you care about. RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer; one whose design is based on the rapid execution of a sequence of simple instructions rather than on the provision of a large variety of complex instructions. RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing: A computer processing technology in which a microprocessor understands a few simple instructions thereby providing fast, predictable instruction flow. RLF Reuse Library Framework of the DoD DoD RM Resource Management: Resource Management is the management of critical resources in an ATM network. Two critical resources are buffer space and trunk bandwidth. Provisioning may be used to allocate network resources in order to separate traffic flows according to service characteristics. VPCs play a key role in resource management. By reserving capacity on VPCs, the processing required to establish individual VCCs is reduced. Refer to RM-cell. RMA number Return Authorization Number. This is a number issued to you from our Customer Service department used to track you monitor. RM-Cell Resource Management Cell: Information about the state of the net work like bandwidth availability, state of congestion, and impending congestion, is conveyed to the source through special control cells called Resource Management Cells (RM-cells). RM-ODP The ISO ISO Reference Model for Open Distributed Environments. RMON See Remote Monitoring (RMON) /. RMP Reliable Multicast Protocol RNIS Reseau Numerique a Integration de Services. French for ISDN. RO Read-Only: Attributes which are read-only can not be written by Network Management. Only the PNNI Protocol entity may change the value of a read-only attribute. Network Management entities are restricted to only reading such read-only attributes. Read-only attributes are typically for statistical information, including reporting result of actions taken by auto-configuration. role The authorization granted to a principal for access to a resource, object or method ; the access privileges of an administrator; the name assigned to a level of clearance. ROOM Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling. An Object-Oriented Object-Oriented analysis and design approach - . /2GOO ROOT An object oriented framework for large scale data analysis at CERN root directory The main, top-level directory on a disk. All the files on the disk are in either the root directory or a subdirectory of the root directory (or a sub-subdirectory, and so on). Root version The initial value of an object. See change management change-management. rotate Move a tape into or out of service; exchange tapes. rotating backups Not using the same tapes or floppy disks every time you make a backup. By rotating among two, three or more backup sets, you have a longer history and a more reliable system. Route Server A physical device that runs one or more network layer routing protocols, and which uses a route query protocol in order to provide network layer routing forwarding descriptions to clients. Router (A) A device that connects two dissimilar networks, and allows packets t be transmitted and received between them. (B) A connection between two networks that specifies message paths and may perform other functions, such as data compression. Router A physical device that is capable of forwarding packets based on network layer information and that also participates in running one or more network layer routing protocols. router Network hardware that routes or redirects packets /p to their destination host or hosts. Routing Computation The process of applying a mathematical algorithm to a topology database to compute routes. There are many types of routing computations that may be used. The Djikstra algorithm is one particular example of a possible routing computation. Routing Constraint A generic term that refers to either a topology constraint or a path constraint. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) A UDP /u protocol (RFC 1058) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1058.txt that propagates routing information throughout an internetwork, so that each router (or gateway) knows where the next hop /h is for any destination. Updated in RFC 2453 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2453.txt. Routing Protocol A general term indicating a protocol run between routers and/or route servers in order to exchange information used to allow computation of routes. The result of the routing computation will be one or more forwarding descriptions. RP record See DNS record types, RP record /d. RPC Remote Procedure Call: a call to a routine that results in code being executed on a different system from the one where the request originated. An RPC system allows calling procedures and called procedures to execute on different systems without the programmer needing to explicitly code for this. RPC See Remote Procedure Call (RPC) /. RS Remote single-layer (Test Method): An abstract test method in which the upper tester is within the system under test and there is a point of control and observation at the upper service boundary of the Implementation Under Test (IUT) for testing one protocol layer. Test events are specified in terms of the abstract service primitives (ASP) and/or protocol data units at the lower tester PCO. RSA Rivest, Shamir, Adleman public key encryption technique (used by PGP PGP) RSE Remote Single-layer Embedded (Test Method): An abstract test method in which the upper tester is within the system under test and there is a point of control and observation at the upper service boundary of the Implementation Under Test (IUT) for testing a protocol layer or sublayer which is part of a multi-protocol IUT. RSFG Route Server Functional Group: The group of functions performed to provide internetworking level functions in an MPOA System. This includes running conventional interworking Routing Protocols and providing inter-IASG destination resolution. RSVP Rapid System Virtual Prototyping. RTEE Real Time Engineering Environment: a set of CASE tools CASE-tools produced by Westmount Technology B.V. RTF Rich Text Format: an interchange format from Microsoft for exchange of documents between Word and other document preparation systems - . /RTF RTF See Rich Text Format (RTF) /. RTFM Short for Kindly Consult the Documentation. RTL Register Transfer Language: a kind of HDL HDL used in describing the registers of a computer or digital electronic system, and the way in which data is transferred between them. RTSA Real-time structured analysis: versions of structured analysis structured-analysis capable of modelling real-time real-time aspects of software. Rule-based Having to do with systems that infer or use "rules" (i.e.logical statements). RW Read-Write : Attributes which are read-write can not be written by the PNNI protocol entity. Only the Network Management Entity may change the value of a read-write attribute. The PNNI Protocol Entity is restricted to only reading such read-write attributes. Read-write attributes are typically used to provide the ability for Network Management to configure, control, and manage a PNNI Protocol Entity's behavior. S SA Source Address: The address from which the message or data originated. SA Source MAC Address: A six octet value uniquely identifying an end point and which is sent in an IEEE LAN frame header to indicate source of frame. SA Structured Analysis. SAA Systems Application Architecture: IBM's family of standard interfaces which enable software to be written independently of hardware and operating systems. SAAL Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer: This resides between the ATM layer and the Q.2931 function. The SAAL provides reliable transport of Q.2931 messages between Q.2931 entities (e.g., ATM switch and host) over the ATM layer; two sublayers: common part and service specific part. Saber-C see CodeCenter CodeCenter. Saber-C++ see ObjectCenter ObjectCenter. SADT Structured Analysis and Design Technique. SAGE System Administrators Guild. A Special Technical Group within USENIX USENIX. SAP Service Access Point: A SAP is used for the following purposes: 1. When the application initiates an outgoing call to a remote ATM device, a destination_SAP specifies the ATM address of the remote device, plus further addressing that identifies the target software entity within the remote device. 2. When the application prepares to respond to incoming calls from remote ATM devices, a local_SAP specifies the ATM address of the device housing the application, plus further addressing that identifies the application within the local device. There are several groups of SAPs that are specified as valid for Native ATM Services. SAR Segmentation and Reassembly: Method of breaking up arbitrarily sized packets. SARA Stichting Academisch Rekencentrum Amsterdam (Academic Computing Services Amsterdam) SASD Structured Analysis, Structured Design. SAT: SIM Application Toolkit is a technology that extends the capabilities of the SIM card by being programmable. It allows for personalization of the functionality of a mobile phone. SATAN Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks - . /SATAN Sather An object-oriented object-oriented programming language that is a simplified optimized variant of Eiffel Eiffel - . /Sather SBM Solution Based Modelling. a software development process described in the book "Developing Object-Oriented Software for the Macintosh" written by Neal Goldstein and Jeff Alger, published by Addison Wesley in 1992. SCCP Signaling Connection and Control Part: A SS7 protocol that provides additional functions to the Message Transfer Part (MTP). It typically supports Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP). SCCS See Source Code Control System (SCCS) /. SCCS Source Code Control System: a popular code management code-managementsystem for UNIX UNIX systems. Schematic capture The process of entering the logical design of an electronic circuit into a CAE CAE system by creating a schematic representation of components and interconnections. Scheme A dialect of Lisp Lisp. Schlaer-Mellor An Object-Oriented Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA) modeling method that addresses the the integration of structural and behavioral properties. SCI Scalable Coherent Interface, IEEE Std 1596-1992 - . /SCI SCM Software Configuration management Configuration-management or Source Code management Code-management. SCO The Santa Cruz Operation, a leading supplier of UNIX UNIX systems for systems based on Intel microprocessors. Suppliers of Xenix Xenix and Open Desktop Open-Desktop - . /SCO SCO: Synchronous Connection Oriented, type of data packet (may include audio). scope The part of a JavaScript program that a variable was declared in and is available to. Scope A scope defines the level of advertisement for an address. The level is a level of a peer group in the PNNI routing hierarchy. SCOPE Software Assessment and Certification Programme. An Esprit Esprit project - . /SCOPE SCP Service Control Point: A computer and database system which executes service logic programs to provide customer services through a switching system. Messages are exchanged with the SSP through the SS7 network. SCPI Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments: a standard complementing IEE 488 IEE-488 developed by Hewlett-Packard and promoted by the SCPI Consortium, 8380 Hercules Drive, Suite P3, La Mesa, CA 91942, USA SCR Sustainable Cell Rate: The SCR is an upper bound on the conforming average rate of an ATM connection over time scales which are long relative to those for which the PCR is defined. Enforcement of this bound by the UPC could allow the network to allocate sufficient resources, but less than those based on the PCR, and still ensure that the performance objectives (e.g., for Cell Loss Ratio) can be achieved. screen editor A text editor that deals with text an entire screen at a time. The vi and emacs programs are screen editors. Screen Size Official screen size is the diagonal measurement of the CRT before it is mounted in the monitor bracket; ex. 14", 15", 17", 19", 20", or 21". screen The TV-type thing that shows you what's going on in your computer. Also called a monitor, CRT, and VDU. Some screens can display many colors; others can do only one, usually green. Some screens can display many colors; others can do only one, usually green. Some screens can display pictures (graphics); others can do only characters. screened twisted pair (ScTP) A cable where the twisted pair is screened from electromagnetic interference by a thin aluminum screen. Not as effective as shielding the cable. See also shielded twisted pair (STP) /, unshielded twisted pair (UTP) /u. ScriptX A dynamic object-oriented object-oriented programming language and class library Class-library for multimedia multimedia from Kaleida Labs SCSI See Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) /. SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface. SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface. A way to connect a disk drive to a computer. A SCSI disk (pronounced "scuzzy," except in small parts of California, where-typical-they say "sexy") can connect to any SCSI compatible connector, used by many workstations, PCs, and Macs. ScTP See screened twisted pair (ScTP) /. SD Structured Design: a program design method. SDD Software Design Description. ANSI/IEEE 1016-1987 specifies IEEE IEEE Recommended Practice for SDD. SDE Software Development Environment: equivalent to SEE SEE. SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy: The ITU-TSS International standard for transmitting information over optical fiber. SDIF SGML SGML Document Interchange Format. SDK: Software Development Kit. SDL Specification and Design Language: defined by the CCITT CCITT (recommendation Z100) to provide a tool for unambiguous specification and description of the behaviour of telecommunications systems. The area of application also includes process control and real-time real-time applications. SDL provides a Graphic Representation (SDL/GR) and a textual Phrase Representation (SDL/PR), which are equivalent representations of the same semantics. A system is specified as a set of interconnected abstract machines which are extensions of the Finite State Machine (FSM) SDLC See Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) /. SDM Schematic Data Model. SDP: Service Discovery Protocol, allowing for the query of devices and services on a wireless network. SDS Schema Definition Set in PCTE PCTE. SDSL See Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) /. SDT Structured Data Transfer: An AAL1 data transfer mode in which data is structured into blocks which are then segmented into cells for transfer. SDU Service Data Unit: A unit of interface information whose identity is preserved from one end of a layer connection to the other. SE Software Engineering, the methods used in developing software. SE Switching Element: Switching Element refers to the device or network node which performs ATM switching functions based on the VPI or VPI/VCI pair. SEA Security Extension Architecture for the World-Wide Web WWW. SEAL Simple and Efficient Adapation Layer: An earlier name for AAL5. SEARCH ENGINES - A Search Engine is a piece of software, available to all users on the Web which allows the user to locate all related sites using a keyword search. For example a user may search for all sites with the words IDAHO and REALTY in their description. The Search Engine will return a list of all the sites that match those words. search path A list of directories in which Unix looks for programs. secondary A DNS /d server without local files (receiving information from the primary /p server via the named.xfer process); like an NIS /n slave / server. sector The smallest unit of physical space on a disk. Typically the smallest unit of data that is read from or written to the disk. security group Provide a way to organize objects /o so that an administrator who has an appropriate role /r in the group can operate on objects in the group. SEE Simultaneous Engineering Environment: a CAE CAE framework from DAZIX. SEE Software Engineering Environment: a set of management and technical tools to support software development, usually integrated in a coherent framework; equivalent to an IPSE. Segment A single ATM link or group of interconnected ATM links of an ATM connection. SEI Software Engineering Institute (Carnegie Mellon University) - . /SEI SEL Selector: A subfield carried in SETUP message part of ATM endpoint address Domain specific Part (DSP) defined by ISO 10589, not used for ATM network routing, used by ATM end systems only. SEL Software Engineering Laboratory. The Institute for Information Technology of the National Research Council Canada - . Also NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Selector In Smalltalk Smalltalk or Objective-C Objective-C, the syntax of a message which selects a particular method in the target object. Self An object oriented object-oriented programming language from Stanford, and an object oriented programming system from Sun Microsystems Semaphore The classic method for restricting access to data shared between several cooperating processes . Semipermanent Connection A connection established via a service order or via network management. sentry A process that monitors a variety of system activities, such as the amount of disk space available, and that can generate events or alarms based on thresholds. SE-ODP Support Environment for Open Distributed Processing: an ECMA ECMA standard. SEP A SASD SASD tool from IDE IDE. sequence The CORBA /c data type for implementing lists. SERC Software Engineering Research Center (Purdue University). Serial A method of communication that transfer data across a medium alone bit a time, usually adding stop, start, and check bits to ensure quality transfer. Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) A protocol (RFC 1055) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1055.txt for connecting a host /h (such as a microcomputer) to an internet /i via a modem. SERVER A computer, or a software package, that provides a specific kind of service to client software running on other computers. The term can refer to a particular piece of software, such as a WWW server, or to the machine on which the software is running, e.g. 'Our mail server is down today, that's why e-mail isn't getting out.' A single server machine could have several different server software packages running on it, thus, providing many different servers to clients on the network. SERVER - A Host machine. A server provides two roles, those are; a) Providing connectivity to the Internet, and b) Passing files from it's hard drive to someone requesting them. In effect, serving files. Server A computer which, by means of network connections, carries out parts of a computing task on behalf of one or more remote computers. Server A host on the internet which serves (HTML) documents, which implies that this computer would typically be running an HTTP daemon. server A process that fulfills a request issued by a client process and transmits a response back to the client /c. server skeleton Unmarshals the data associated with a request for presentation to a method, and marshals the data returned. service level agreement (SLA) An agreement from one party to provide a specified level of service, typically involving a maximum-allowed response time or guarantee of service being available for a minimum time, to another party. Service level agreements are part of any vendor maintenance contract. SES Severely Errored Seconds: A unit used to specify the error performance of T carrier systems. This indicates a second containing ten or more errors, usually expressed as SES per hour, day, or week. This method gives a better indication of the distribution of bit errors than a simple Bit Error Rate (BER). Refer also to EFS. SES Source End Station: An ATM termination point, which is the source of ATM messages of a connection, and is used as a reference point for ABR services. Refer to DES. SES/workbench An iconic simulation and design tool, linked to some of the major CASE CASE systems now available or in development. Session Layer The layer of the OSI model dedicated to maintaining a bi-directional communication connection between two computers. The Session layer uses the services of the Transport layer to provide this service. Session: In the context of a wireless transmission, a session is the series of exchanges of information or data that exists between two programs (typically one on the server and one on the client). SET Standard d'Echange et de Transfert: a French standard for exchange of CAD CAD data. SET: Secure Electronic Transaction is a standard for credit card payments across networks. Setext A markup Markupscheme intended for documents that are both human- and computer-readable - SF SuperFrame: A DS1 framing format in which 24 DS0 timeslots plus a coded framing bit are organized into a frame which is repeated 12 times to form the superframe. SFA Software Frameworks framework Association - . /SFA SGI Silicon Graphics Incorporated, a vendor of graphical workstations and software SGML Open A non-profit, international consortium of providers of products and services, dedicated to accelerating the further adoption, application, and implementation of SGML SGML See Standardized General Markup Language (SGML) /. SGML Standard Generalised Markup Language (ISO ISO 8879). A generic markup generic-markup language for representing documents. SGML is a system for defining structured document types, and markup languages to represent instances of those document types - . /SGML Shape_VC A code management code-managementsystem which offers version control functionality similar to systems like RCS RCS or SCCS SCCS with some extensions and a more UNIX UNIX-like command interface. ShapeTools A code management code-managementsystem for UNIX UNIX from TU Berlin. Shaping Descriptor N ordered pairs of GCRA parameters (I,L) used to define the negotiated traffic shape of a connection. shar message An electronic mail message that contains shell script, which, when you run it, re-creates one or more files. This is a clever way to send files through electronic mail. SHARE An international users group of IBM and compatible hardware and software Shelf A public library of classes for the Eiffel language. shell A Unix program that listens for commands you type and tries to execute them. There are several Unix shells, including the Bourne shell, Korn shell, and C shell. shell script A file that contains a list of Unix shell commands. You can run a shell script, thereby telling Unix to execute every command in the list. Shell Script A program written to be interpreted by the shell of an operating system, especially UNIX UNIX. Shell The outer part of an operating system, especially UNIX UNIX, which provides the user interface, as opposed to the kernel which provides the basic services to processes. The commonest UNIX shells are the c shell c-shell(csh) and the Bourne shell (sh) Bourne-shell. Shen A security scheme for WWW - shielded twisted pair (STP) A cable where the twisted pair is shielded from electromagnetic interference. See also unshielded twisted pair (UTP) /u. SHIFT Scalable Heterogeneous Integrated Facility Testbed. A parallel processing project at CERN /. SI: Service Indication (see also under WAPSI) SICL Standard Instrument Control Library: a platform-independent API API for software to control and test electronic instruments conforming to IEE 488 IEE-488 SICS Swedish Institute for Computer Science - . gopher://brahma.sics.se/ SIGhyper Special Interest Group on Hypertext and Multimedia of the SGML SGML Users' Group - . /SIGhyper SIGNATURE - A small piece of text which is automatically appended to an email. (Also called a Sig or a Tag file) SIM Card: Subscriber Identity Module found in a mobile phone that stores authentication information and the GSM encryption algorithms that mobile phones need for connecting and securing a call over a GSM network. SIMD Single Instruction Multiple Data: a form of parallelism in multiprocessor computing where there is a single instruction stream (programs) operating concurrently on several data streams. SIMEX A set of C++ C++ classes from the University of Minnesota, that provides a framework for building discrete event simulation models - . /SIMEX SIMM See Single In-line Memory Module (SIMM) /. SIMON System of Internet Internet Mapping for Organised Navigation - . Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) The base protocol (RFC 821) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc821.txt for exchanging electronic mail over a network. See also Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP) /e, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) /m, NeXTMail /n. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) A base protocol (RFC 1157) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1157.txt for monitoring and managing hosts on a network. See also Management Information Base (MIB) /m. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) A management protocol used on many networks, particularly TCP/IP. It defines the type, format, and retrieval of node management information. Simplex Data Transmission in one direction only. Simscript A free-form, English-like general-purpose simulation language. SIMSCRIPT II.5 from CACI CACI has evolved from the original work on SIMSCRIPT by H.Markowitz. SIMULA A program based on Algol 60 with extensions for simulation, which was a precursor of the object-oriented object-oriented approach. Single Inheritance The property of an object-oriented object-oriented language which restricts a sub-class to be derived from only one parent. Single In-line Memory Module (SIMM) A small plug-in card containing memory chips for a workstation or personal computer. SIPP SMDS Interface Protocol: Protocol where layer 2 is based on ATM, AAL and DQDB. Layer 1 is DS1 and DS3. Sisal Streams and Iterations in a Single-Assignment Language. A general-purpose functional language functional-language from CWI CWI. skeleton The ORB /o component which assists an object adapter in passing requests to particular methods. It is specific to an object and an interface. SL: Service Loading. SLA See service level agreement (SLA) /. slash The / character Unix uses in path names. A / by itself, or at the beginning of a pathname, means the root directory of the file system. Slashes are used also between one directory name and the next, and between the directory name and the filename in long path names. slave The secondary NIS /n servers / in an NIS domain /d. SLIP - Serial Link Internet Protocol. SLIP is a simulation of TCP/IP, except that instead of actual computer networking hardware on one of the computers, it connects to the network via a serial link, typically using a modem. Slip (Serial Line Internet Protocol) A protocol that permits the sending of IP packets on a dial-up (serial) connection. SLIP does not support compression or IP address negotiation by itself. SLIP See Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) /. SLIP Serial Line IP IP. SMA Software Maintenance Association. Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Pronounced "scuzzy," SCSI is a parallel interface standard used by Apple Macintosh computers, PCs, and many Unix systems for attaching peripheral devices to computers. SCSI interfaces provide for faster data transmission rates (up to 80 megabytes per second) than standard serial and parallel ports. In addition, you can attach many devices to a single SCSI port, so that SCSI is really an I/O bus rather than simply an interface. Smalltalk A pioneering object-oriented object-oriented programming system developed at the Xerox Palo Alto research centre. It includes a language (usually interpreted), a programming environment, and an extensive object library - . /Smalltalk Smartcards: can be viewed as SIM cards with an integrated microprocessor. These are able to provide the user with extended capabilities in the form of "card-based" applications. Smartphone: Mobile phone with extended capabilities (such as display, or keyboard) and functionalities ( for example, e-mail, fax) SMCC Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation SMDL Standard Music Description Language, based on HyTime HyTime SMDS Switched Multi-Megabit Data Services: A connectionless service used to connect LANs, MANs and WANs to exchange data. SMF Single Mode Fiber: Fiber optic cable in which the signal or light propagates in a single mode or path. Since all light follows the same path or travels the same distance, a transmitted pulse is not dispersed and does not interfere with adjacent pulses. SMF fibers can support longer distances and are limited mainly by the amount of attenuation. Refer to MMF. SMG Screen Management Guidelines - a VMS VMS package of run-time library routines providing windows on VT100 terminals. SML Standard ML ML: a functional language functional-language. SML/NJ Standard ML of New Jersey. SMPP: Short Message Peer to Peer. SMS: Short Messaging Service is a technology for the transmission of text messages to and from mobile phones. It allows for up to 160 alphanumeric characters. This technology is best used for pushing information from one-to-one or one-to-few. SMSC: Short essage Service Center. SMSL Standard Multimedia Scripting Language SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. One of the protocols used by your server to send/receive email. SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) The Internet electronic mail protocol. Define in RFC 821, with associated message format description in RFC 822. SMTP See Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) /. SMTP SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL SN cell Sequence Number Cell: A cell sent periodically on each link of an AIMUX to indicate how many cells have been transmitted since the previous SN cell. These cells are used to verify the sequence of payload cells reassembled at the receiver. SN Sequence Number: SN is a 4 octet field in a Resource Management cell defined by the ITU-T in recommendation I.371 to sequence such cells. It is not used for ATM Forum ABR. An ATM switch will either preserve this field or set it in accordance with I.371. SNA See Synchronous Network Architecture (SNA) /. SNA Systems Network Architecture - IBM's networking standard. SNA Systems Network Architecture: IBM's seven layer, vendor specific architecture for data communications SNADS See Synchronous Network Architecture Distribution Services (SNADS) /. SNAIL MAIL - "Snail mail" is a mocking term e-mail users employ to describe traditional postal mail. It refers specifically to the relatively great length of time it takes a postal carrier to move a letter from sender to recipient. snail-mail A mail system in which you print the message you want to send to another person, address a paper envelope of the correct size to fit the paper, insert the paper in the envelope, close the envelope, find a postage stamp, and place the entire thing in a U.S mail box. Many Unix users find electronic mail simpler, faster, and more convenient. SNC Sub network Connection: In the context of ATM, an entity that passes ATM cells transparently, (i.e., without adding any overhead). A SNC may be either a stand-alone SNC, or a concatenation of SNCs and link connections. Sniff A C++/C programming environment providing browsing, cross-referencing, design visualization, documentation, and editing support. Developed by UBS Switzerland and marketed by takeFive Salzburg. (See also SNiFF+ ) SNMP See Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) /. SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol: Originally designed for the Department of Defense network to support TCP/IP network management. It has been widely implemented to support the management of a broad range of network products and functions. SNMP is the IETF standard management protocol for TCP/IP networks. SNOBOL String Oriented Symbolic Language. A language from the 1960s for string manipluation. soft link A link that contains the name of another file, which may be on another file system. A soft link makes it look as though the file that might be on another file system is in a directory on your own file system. Also called a symbolic link. See the section "when you want to find files on other machines." SoftBench An IPSE IPSE from Hewlett-Packard. Softlab A software engineering company strong in UK and Germany. software A set of instructions (also called programs) that tell a computer to do something. In contrast to hardware, which includes the physical components of your computer, software is composed of information on a disk (or tape, or whatever). Software AG SE company from FRG. Software BackPlane A CASE framework CASE-framework from Atherton Atherton. Software bus A support environment for heterogeneous distributed processing, such as the ANSA ANSA Testbench. Software Engineering A systematic approach to the analysis, design, implementation and maintenance of software. It usually involves the use of CASE tools CASE-tools. There are various models of the software life-cycle, and many methodologies for the different phases. Software Metrics Measures of software quality which indicate the complexity, understandability, testability, description and intricacy of code. Software through Pictures see StP StP. SOIF Summary Object Interchange Format in the Harvest Harvest system. solaris A version of Unix, based initially on BSD Unix and later on system V Release 4, distributed by Sun for use on Sun workstations and 486 PCs. SOM System Object Model. An implementation of CORBA CORBAby IBM - . /CIL SOMA Semantic Object Modelling Approach. An Object-Oriented Object-Oriented analysis and design approach - . /2GOO SONET See Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) /. SONET Synchronous Optical Network: An ANSI standard for transmitting information over optical fiber. This standard is used or accepted in the United States and Canada and is a variation of the SDH International standard. Source Code Control System (SCCS) A suite of utilities to administrate source code such that only one person can change any given file at any given instant. Provides audit trails /a. Source Route As used in this document, a hierarchically complete source route. Source Traffic A set of traffic parameters belonging to the ATM Traffic Descriptor Descriptor used during the connection set-up to capture the intrinsic traffic characteristics of the connection requested by the source. SPAM - Spam is unwanted e-mail, typically sent unsolicited to large numbers of recipients. Most typically, spam is created and sent by companies seeking to increase their business through the use of bulk e-mail programs, but spam can also be sent by an individual. SPAM "SPAM" mail is the practice of sending massive amounts of e-mail promotions or advertisements (and scams) to people that have not asked for it. Spam mail is controversial and there are many levels of definitions for it. Many times, spam e-mail lists are created by "harvesting" e-mail addresses from discussion boards and groups, chat rooms, IRC, and web pages. Pugmarks strictly prohibits sending spam from accounts on our servers. spam The historical term for electronic junk mail, or unwanted messages in email /m or USENET News /u. See also Unsolicited Commercial Email (UCE) /u. SPARC see ANSI/SPARC Architecture ANSI/SPARC-Architecture. Sparcstation A family of workstations from Sun . SPC Software Productivity Centre. A non-profit organization based in Vancouver, BC, Canada with the mandate to assist software developers to improve their software engineering process - . /SPC SPDL Standard Page Description Language Page-Description-Language: a draft within the ODA ODA standard. SPE SONET Synchronous Payload Envelope. SPEC Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation. Formed to establish, maintain and endorse a standardized set of relevant benchmarks Benchmark that can be applied to the newest generation of high-performance computers Specific markup In computerised document preparation, a method of adding formatting commands to the text to control layout, such as new line, new page, center text etc. (see Generic markup Generic-markup). SPI Software Process Improvement. SPIN Software Process Improvement Network. Local interest groups sponsored by SEI SEI. Split System A switching system which implements the functions of more than one logical node. Spreadsheet A type of application which manipulates data in rows and columns of cells. The value in a cell is calculated by a formula which can involve other cells. Popular in commercial applications. Spring A distributed object-oriented object-oriented operating system from Sun Sprite An operating system from Berkeley supporting multiprocessing and distributed files. SPT Software Process Technology. SPTS Single Program Transport Stream: An MPEG-2 Transport Stream that consists of only one program. SQA Software Quality Assurance. SQL See Structured Query Language (SQL) /. SQL Structured Query Language: ISO ISO, ANSI ANSI standard user front end to a relational database management system. SQL/DS A database package from IBM including a relational DBMS. SQL2 An extended version of the SQL SQL standard. SR Source Routing: A bridged method whereby the source at a data exchange determines the route that subsequent frames will use. SRF Specifically Routed Frame: A Source Routing Bridging Frame which uses a specific route between the source and destination. SRI Stanford Research Institute. SRT Source Routing Transparent: An IETF Bridging Standard combining Transparent Bridging and Source Route Bridging. SRTS Synchronous residual Time Stamp: A clock recovery technique in which difference signals between source timing and a network reference timing signal are transmitted to allow reconstruction of the source timing at the destination. SS7 Signal System Number 7: A family of signaling protocols originating from narrowband telephony. They are used to set-up, manage and tear down connections as well as to exchange non-connection associated information. Refer to BISUP, MTP, SCCP and TCAP. SSADM A software engineering method and toolset required by some UK government agencies. SSCF Service Specific Coordination Function: SSCF is a function defined in Q.2130, B-ISDN Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer-Service Specific Coordination Function for Support of Signaling at the User-to- Network Interface. SSCOP Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol: An adaptation layer protocol defined in ITU-T Specification: Q.2110. SSCS Service Specific Convergence Sublayer: The portion of the convergence sublayer that is dependent upon the type of traffic that is being converted. SSII Societe de Service en Ingenierie Informatique. SSL Secure Sockets Layer. A scheme for secure WWW communications SSL: Secure Socket Layer. stack A last in, first out data structure. See also queue /q. staging The process of configuring a host to a known state (for example, from tape or a preconfigured host), to speed up the configuration process. Standardized General Markup Language (SGML) A generalized format for marking up documents, originally created by the United States government. One of the more common subsets of SGML is HyperText Markup Language (HTML) /h. Standards Although boring, standards are necessary for interworking, portability and reusability. They may be de facto standards for various communities, or officially recognised national or international standards. Some important bodies concerned in one way or another with Software standards are ISO ISO, ANSI ANSI, DoD DoD, ECMA ECMA, IEEE IEEE, IETF IETF, OSF OSF - . /Standards StarBurst An active DBMS active-DBMS from IBM Almaden Research Center. STARS Software Technology for Adaptable Reliable Systems. A DARPA DARPA project Start Bit A bit that is sent as part of a serial communication stream to signal the beginning of a byte or packet. STAS Scientific and Technical Attribute and element Set. Defines standard identifiers for referring to searchable fields in scientific databases. state database A database containing the state of each metadevice, stored in a dedicated (and non-metadevice) disk partition. See also Disk Suite /d. State Diagram see State Transition Diagram. State transition diagram A diagram consisting of circles to represent states and directed line segments to represent transitions between the states. One or more actions may be associated with each transition. The diagrom represents a Finite State Machine. statement A single line of a script or program. STC System Time Clock: The master clock in an MPEG-2 encoder or decoder system. STD State Transition Diagram State-Transition-Diagram. STDWIN A windowing interface from CWI CWI with windows, menus, modal dialogs, mouse and keyboard input, scroll bars, drawing primitives, etc that is portable between platforms. STDWIN is available for Macintosh and the X Window System X-Window-System. STE SONET Section Terminating Equipment: SONET equipment that terminates a section of a link between a transmitter and repeater, repeater and repeater, or repeater and receiver. This is usually implemented in wide area facilities and not implemented by SONET Lite. STE Spanning Tree Explorer: A Source Route Bridging frame which uses the Spanning Tree algorithm in determining a route. STEP Standard for the exchange of product model data: a draft ISO standard for the exchange of CAD data. StepStone Corporation founded by Brad Cox, responsible for Objective-C Objective-C. STL Semantic Transfer Language. IEEE 1175: IEEE Trial-Use Standard Reference Model for Computing System Tool Interconnections. STL Standard Template Library for C++ C++ - . /STL STM Synchronous Transfer Module: STM is a basic building block used for a synchronous multiplexing hierarchy defined by the CCITT/ITU-T. STM-1 operates at a rate of 155.52 Mbps (same as STS-3). STM-1 Synchronous Transport Module 1: SDH standard for transmission over OC-3 optical fiber at 155.52 Mbps. STM-n Synchronous Transport Module "n" : (where n is an integer) SDH standards for transmission over optical fiber (OC-'n x 3) by multiplexing "n" STM-1 frames, (e.g., STM-4 at 622.08 Mbps and STM-16 at 2.488 Gbps). STM-nc Synchronous Transport Module "n" concatenated: (where n is an integer) SDH standards for transmission over optical fiber (OC-'n x 3) by multiplexing "n" STM-1 frames, (e.g., STM-4 at 622.08 Mbps and STM-16 at 2.488 Gbps, but treating the information fields as a single concatenated payload). STONE A Structured and Open Environment: a project supported by the German Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT) to design, implement and distribute a SEE SEE for research and teaching. Stop Bit A bit that is sent as part of a serial communication stream to signal the end of a byte or packet. Storage Area Network (SAN) A network where a small number of computers share a large amount of data, usually within a single server room, where performance is critical. Examples of SAN protocols include Fiber Channel /f and the Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) /. STP See shielded twisted pair (STP) /. STP Shielded Twisted Pair: A cable containing one or more twisted pair wires with each pair having a shield of foil wrap. STP Signaling Transfer Point: A high speed, reliable, special purpose packet switch for signaling messages in the SS7 network. StP Software through Pictures: a set of CASE tools CASE-tools from IDE IDE - . /PTTOOL/Stp/Tool Strand A concurrent programming language from Strand Software Technologies Limited. string A group of text characters that can be stored in a variable. stripe A method of writing data to multiple disks, interleaving blocks on different disks to increase performance. (Performance increases generally require multiple disk controllers.) A logical grouping of multiple physical disk partitions. See also concatenated stripe /c, Disk Suite /d. stripe width The width of, or number of partitions in, a stripe /. Struct A data type in C corresponding to a record in Ada Ada or Pascal Pascal. Structured analysis One of a number of requirements analysis methods used in software engineering. Structured design One of a number of systematic top-down design techniques used in software engineering, usually after structured analysis. Structured Query Language (SQL) An industry-standard language for performing queries against a database. STS-1 Synchronous Transport Signal 1: SONET standard for transmission over OC-1 optical fiber at 51.84 Mbps. STS-n Synchronous Transport Signal "n" : (where n is an integer) SONET standards for transmission over OC-n optical fiber by multiplexing "n" STS-1 frames, (e.g., STS-3 at 155.52 Mbps STS-12 at 622.08 Mbps and STS-48 at 2.488 Gbps). STS-nc Synchronous Transport Signal "n" concatenated: (where n is an integer) SONET standards for transmission over OC-n optical fiber by multiplexing "n" STS-1 frames, (e.g., STS-3 at 155.52 Mbps STS-12 at 622.08 Mbps and STS-48 at 2.488 Gbps but treating the information fields as a single concatenated payload). stub A local procedure corresponding to a single operation that invokes that operation when called. Sublanguage One of the languages associated with a DBMS DBMS, for example data-definition language data-definition-language or query language query-language. Sublayer A logical sub-division of a layer. submirror A metadevice attached to a mirror /m. subnet A group of machines that share information and resources. A subsection of a network /n. Subnet Mask Under TCP\IP, 32-bit values that allow the recipient of IP packets to distinguish the network ID portion of the IP address from the host ID. Subnet The use of the term subnet to mean a LAN technology is a historical use and is not specific enough in the MPOA work. Refer to Internetwork Address Sub-Group, Direct Set, Host Apparent Address Sub-Group and One Hop Set for more specific definitions. Subnetwork A collection of managed entities grouped together from a connectivity perspective, according to their ability to transport ATM cells. subNMS Subnetwork Management System: A Network Management System that is managing one or more subnetworks and that is managed by one or more Network Management Systems. subscription Registering resources to a group, so that operations on a group are applied to all subscribers. Summary Address An address prefix that tells a node how to summarize reachability information. Sun Remote Procedure Call (SUNRPC) The Remote Procedure Call (RPC) /r structure developed by Sun for communication between clients /c and servers /. For example, NetInfo /n uses RPC to communicate. Sun Sun Microsystems, a US workstation manufacturer with manufacturing capacity in Europe. SunOS The version of UNIX UNIX running on Sun workstations. SUNRPC See Sun Remote Procedure Call (SUNRPC) /. SunView A windowing system from Sun Microsystems, superseded by NeWS NeWS. superblock A special reserved block on disk that contains the detailed structure of the file system /f, including the block /b size, frag /f size, and inode /i tables. Superclass The class class from which another class inherits (see Inheritance inheritance). superuser The user name (known also as root) with which you can do all sorts of dangerous things to the system, including creating new user names and installing new hardware and software. With luck, you don't know the password for the superuser. If you do, use it carefully. The system administrator really should be the only person who logs in as the superuser. SURFER A "surfer" is a colloquialism for a person browsing the web. SURFING - The process of reading web pages and moving from one web site to another. SUT System Under Test: The real open system in which the Implementation Under Test (IUT) resides. SVC See Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC) /. SVC Switched Virtual Circuit: A connection established via signaling. The user defines the endpoints when the call is initiated. SVCC Switched Virtual Channel Connection: A Switched VCC is one which is established and taken down dynamically through control signaling. A Virtual Channel Connection (VCC) is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI/VCI fields of each cell. SVE SAP Vector Element: The SAP address may be expressed as a vector, (ATM_addr, ATM_selector, BLLI_id2, BLLI_id3, BHLI_id), where: ? ATM_addr corresponds to the 19 most significant octets of a device's 20-octet ATM address (private ATM address structure) or the entire E.164 address (E.164 address structure) ? ATM_selector corresponds to the least significant octet of a device's 20-octet ATM address (private ATM address structure only) ? BLLI_id2 corresponds to an octet in the Q.2931 BLLI information element that identifies a layer 2 protocol ? BLLI_id3 corresponds to a set of octets in the Q.2931 BLLI information element that identify a layer 3 protocol ? BHLI_id corresponds to a set of octets in the Q.2931 BHLI information element that identify an application (or session layer protocol of an application) Each element of the SAP vector is called a SAP Vector Element, or SVE. Each SVE consists of a tag, length, and value field. SVID System V Interface Definition: allowing source code portability between different platforms running UNIX UNIX System V System-V. SVPC Switched Virtual Path Connection: A Switched Virtual Path Connection is one which is established and taken down dynamically through control signaling. A Virtual Path Connection (VPC) is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI field only of each cell. SVR4 Release 4 (the latest major version) of Unix System V. Contains more features than any six people would ever want to use. The latest release of SRV4.2 which is even more feature-packed than the original version of SVR4. SWEDAC MPRII Standard Magnetic Fields ELF (5 Hz-2 kHz) VLF (2 kHz-400 kHz) 250 nT 25 nT Electrical Fields ELF (5 Hz-2 kHz) VLF (2 kHz-400 kHz) 25 V/M 2.5 V/m nT = nanotesla; 250 nT = 0.00000025 Tesla; 1 Tesla = I Newton/Ampere Meter; V/M = Volts per meter Recommendations for Comfortable Viewing 1 - Sit at least an arm's length away from the screen. It will reduce eye strain and the low levels magnetic and electrical fields referred to above reduce by the square of the distance, i.e., if you increase the distance by two you reduce the field by four. 2. Leave a distance of at least 2-3 feet from the back of a neighboring monitor if this is possible. The fields are lower at the front than at the rear of the monitor. 3. Adjust the Contrast and Brightness Controls for comfortable viewing for three reasons. One, it reduces eye fatigue, two, the picture tube will last longer, and three, all field and emission strengths are related to the brightness of the picture. switch Network hardware that routes packets /p or cells /c (either ATM /a or voice) based on the address of the virtual circuit. switch See option. Switched Connection A connection established via signaling. Switched Line A communications link for which the physical path may vary with each usage, such as the public telephone network. Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC) A virtual circuit in an ATM /a network established dynamically via software. Switching System A set of one or more systems that act together and appear as a single switch for the purposes of PNNI routing. SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats commercial product analysis. Sybase A relational DBMS DBMS vendor. Symbian: Joint Venture between Psion, Motorala, Nokia, Ericsson and Matsushita, formed to develop and promote the use of the EPOC operating system for W=wireless devices. symbolic link See soft link. Symmetric Connection A connection with the same bandwidth value specified for both directions. Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) A symmetric high-speed digital network connection, usually between a home or small business and a telecommunications vendor, providing an always-up direct connection to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) /i. The upstream (from the user to the ISP) and downstream (from the ISP to the user) speeds are identical. See also Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) /a, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) /d. Synchronization: the act of updating data between different devices. Synchronous Pertaining to two or more processes that depend upon the occurrence of a specific event, such as a common timing signal. Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) A data protocol spoken between the DISSOS /d mail system on the IBM /i 3090 mainframe and the Enterprise Mail Exchange (EMX) /e unit. Synchronous Network Architecture (SNA) IBM's /i network architecture. Synchronous Network Architecture Distribution Services (SNADS) The distribution protocol, handling delivery and verification, for Synchronous Network Architecture (SNA) /. Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) An ANSI /a standard to connect telephone switches at 155 Mb/s speeds (OC3). sysadmin See system administrator /. system administrator The godlike being who keeps your system running. Responsible for everything involving your system and the network it's on, including but not limited to managing your account (creation, modification, closure, deletion), your workstation, your subnet, your routers, the system-wide hosts table, the mail subsystem, all mail aliases and groups, keeping time synchronized across the network, the news subsystem, the printer subsystem, any applications you use--basically, the person who keeps everything working smoothly and seamlessly. system V A version of Unix developed and distributed originally by AT&T and later by Unix System Labs, which is now part of Novell. System V One of the two major versions of the UNIX UNIX system, due to AT&T. (see BSD BSD). T T-1 It is a leased-line connection capable of carrying data at 1,544,000 bits-per-second. At maximum theoretical capacity, a T-1 line could move a megabyte in less than 10 seconds. That is still not fast enough for full-screen, full-motion video for which you need at least 10,000,000 bits-per-second. T-1 is the fastest speed commonly used to connect networks to the Internet. T1E1 An ANSI standards sub-committee dealing with Network Interfaces. T1M1 An ANSI standards sub-committee dealing with Inter-Network Operations, Administration and Maintenance. T1Q1 An ANSI standards sub-committee dealing with performance. T1S1 An ANSI standards sub-committee dealing with services, architecture and signaling. T1X1 An ANSI standards sub-committee dealing with digital hierarchy and synchronization. T-3 It is a leased-line connection capable of carrying data at 44,736,000 bits-per-second. This is more than enough for a full-screen, full-motion video. TAE Plus A GUI GUI builder from Century Computing - . /TAE-plus TAFIM Technical Architecture Framework for Information Management: a DoD DoD standard Taligent A software company set up by Apple, IBM and Hewlett-Packard Taos An operating system kernel for parallel systems from Tao Systems tape A computer tape stores vast amounts of information but is not convenient to use. Tapes are used primarily for making backup copies of information, for which they are terrific. With luck, your system administrator backs up your files to tape regularly. TAPI Telephony Application Programming Interface. A CTI CTI standard from Microsoft and Intel. TAS See Tivoli Application Services (TAS) /. task An executable item (a TME / resource) that can be run on any managed node transparently; this can be a shell script, a Perl /p script, a compiled program or any other kind of valid executable. task library A library or repository for one or more tasks. See task /. TB Transparent Bridging: An IETF bridging standard where bridge behavior is transparent to the data traffic. To avoid ambiguous routes or loops, a Spanning Tree algorithm is utilized. TBE Transient Buffer Exposure: This is a negotiated number of cells that the network would like to limit the source to sending during startup periods, before the first RM-cell returns. TBK Tool Builder Kit: a product from IPSYS which allows users to develop CASE tools CASE-tools appropriate to any software engineering methodology - . /PTTOOL/ToolBuilder/Tool TC Transaction Capabilities: TCAP (see below) plus supporting Presentation, Session and Transport protocol layers. TC Transmission Convergence: The TC sublayer transforms the flow of cells into a steady flow of bits and bytes for transmission over the physical medium. On transmit, the TC sublayer maps the cells to the frame format, generates the Header Error Check (HEC), sends idle cells when the ATM layer has none to send. On reception, the TC sublayer delineates individual cells in the received bit stream, and uses the HEC to detect and correct received errors. TC/IX The LynxOS LynxOS kernel ported to the MIPS R3000 RISC processor by CDC. TCA Trigger, Condition, Action model. TCAP Transaction Capabilities Applications Part: A connectionless SS7 protocol for the exchange of information outside the context of a call or connection. It typically runs over SCCP and MTP 3. Tcl Tool command language. A command language and associated library package running on a number of platforms - . /Tcl Tcl/Tk See Tk Tk. TCP (Transport Layer Protocol) Implements guaranteed packet delivery using the Internet Protocol (IP). TCP See Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) /. TCP Test Coordination Procedure: A set of rules to coordinate the test process between the lower tester and the upper tester. The purpose is to enable the lower tester to control the operation of the upper tester. These procedures may, or may not, be specified in an abstract test suite. TCP Transmission Control Protocol: Originally developed by the Department of Defense to support interworking of dissimilar computers across a network. A protocol which provides end-to-end, connection-oriented, reliable transport layer (layer 4) functions over IP controlled networks. TCP performs the following functions: flow control between two systems, acknowledgements of packets received and end-to-end sequencing of packets. TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. This term actually describes two software mechanisms used to allow multiple computers to talk to each other in an error free fashion. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) Generally used as shorthand for the phase "TCP/IP protocol suite". TCP/IP A reliable connection-oriented protocol originated by DARPA DARPA for internetworking, encompassing both network and transport level protocols. While the terms TCP and IP specify two protocols, TCP/IP is often used to refer to the entire DoD DoD protocol suite based upon these, including Telnet Telnet, FTP FTP, UDP UDP, and RDP RDP. TCP/IP TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL/INTERNET PROTOCOL TCP: Transport Control Protocol, defined by the IETF. This is a protocol used for communication across the Internet. TCR Tagged Cell Rate: An ABR service parameter, TCR limits the rate at which a source may send out-of-rate forward RM-cells. TCR is a constant fixed at 10 cells/second. TCS BIN or TCS Binary: Telephony Control Specification Binary is a bit oriented protocol that defines call control signaling for the establishment of speech and data calls between Bluetooth devices. TCS Transmission Convergence Sublayer: This is part of the ATM physical layer that defines how cells will be transmitted by the actual physical layer. TDF An ABR service parameter, TDF controls the decrease in ACR associated with TOF. TDF is signaled as TDFF, where TDF = TDFF/RDF times the smallest power of 2 greater or equal to PCR. TDF is in units of 1/seconds. TDFF Refer to TDF. TDFF is either zero or a power of two in the range 1/64 to 1 in units of 1/cells. TDM See Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) /. TDM Time Division Multiplexing: A method in which a transmission facility is multiplexed among a number of channels by allocating the facility to the channels on the basis of time slots. TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access is a wireless standard based on the allocation of unique time slots over a single radio frequency to access a network, thus limiting the possibility of interference. In use in particular in United States, TDMA technology is considered as a 2nd generation wireless system. TDS See Tivoli Desktop Services (TDS) /. TE Terminal Equipment: Terminal equipment represents the endpoint of ATM connection(s) and termination of the various protocols within the connection(s). Teamwork A SASD SASD tool from CADRE Technologies. Tecate A software system for exploratory visualization of data from networked sources including WWW TEI Text Encoding Initiative. Defines a common interchange format for literary and linguistic data - . /TEI TEIDL See Tivoli Extended Interface Definition Language (TEIDL) /. TELEPAC The Swiss PTT X.25 X.25 Network. TeleScript An object-oriented object-oriented remote programming language from General Magic, for the creation of active, distributed network applications TeleUSE An interface builder for Motif Motif . telnet A program that enables you to log in to another computer from your computer. Telnet A TCP/IP terminal emulation protocol that permits a node, called the Telnet client, to log in to a remote node, called the Telnet server. The client simply acts as a dumb terminal, displaying output from the server. The processing is done at the server. Telnet The Internet Internet standard protocol for remote terminal connection service, running over TCP/IP TCP/IP. Telnet allows a user to log onto a remote host computer. TELOS The object system of LeLisp Version 16 and EULISP. Template code Pseudocode Pseudocode generated by an automated CASE CASE system and requiring further hand-coding before compilation. terminal A screen and keyboard connected to a computer somewhere else. The terminal doesn't run Unix and all those neat programs itself, it just lets you use the computer that does. Terminal Emulation The process of emulating a terminal, or allowing a PC to act as a terminal for a mainframe or UNIX system. terminal emulator A program that enables a big, powerful computer to act like a dumb, cheap terminal. Commanly, a PC can run a terminal emulator so that you can use another computer running Unix. Unix includes a simple terminal emulator called cu. terminal output stop mode A terminal setting in which a background job stops if it tries to send anything to your screen. TestCenter A testing environment for C and C++ C++ programs from CenterLine Software - . /PTTOOL/TestCenter/Tool Testing The process of exercising a product to identify differences between expected and actual results and performance. Typically testing is bottom-up: unit test, integrate test and finally system test - . /Testing TET Test Environment Toolkit project coordinated by X/Open X/Open TeX A computer typesetting program by D.E.Knuth popular for document preparation in the HEP community. It provides specific markup specific-markup for text processing - . /TeX. Texel An object-oriented object-oriented methodology (see "Object Oriented Methods" by Ian Graham). text editor A program that lets you create files of text and edit (or change) them. The most common Unix text editors are ed, vi, and emacs. characters-no bizarre control codes, data, programs, or the like. You can use the cat command to look at a text file on-screen. If a file looks like it was written by Martians when you use the cat command to view it, it's not a text file. text formatter A program that reads text files and creates nice-looking formatted output. The most common Unix text formatters are troff, nroff, and Tex. TFTP See Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) /. Think C An extension of ANSIC for the Macintosh by Symantec Corporation, similar to C++ C++, to support object-oriented object-orientedprogramming techniques. threshold A item that places limits or acceptable ranges of values on monitored conditions. TickIT A software industry quality assessment scheme - . /TickIT.txt TIFF Tag Image File Format from Aldus - . /Graphics time to live (TTL) The field used in a protocol (such as DNS /d or ICMP /i) to indicate how many more network hops /h are allowed before the packet is dropped (discarded) (and, in terms of a TCP /t protocol as opposed to a UDP /u protocol) an error returned to the sender. Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) An old and inefficient technology that allocates rigid time slices to each network client (voice, video, or data). TIPHON: Telecomunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks is an Etst's project that will define a protocol for communication between packet switched network. TIS See Trusted Information Systems (TIS) /. Tivoli Application Services (TAS) A component of the TMP /. Tivoli Desktop Services (TDS) A library providing runtime convenience functions that manipulate or generate desktop commands. Tivoli Extended Interface Definition Language (TEIDL) A superset of IDL /i supporting the definition of security, installation, initialization and other implementation details. Tivoli Management Environment (TME) A set of management applications that provide direct control over specific resources in the distributed computing environment, and provides a simple, consistent interface to diverse operating systems, applications, and distributed services. Tivoli Management Framework (TMF) Provides basic system administration capabilities, as well as a set of foundation services for management applications, including a Tivoli administrator facility, an administrative privilege facility, a system policy facility, and a notification facility. Tivoli Management Platform (TMP) The software infrastructure upon which the management applications are based. It has two main components, TMF / and TAS /. Tivoli Management Region (TMR) TMRs are a series of loosely connected regions, each with its own server for managing local clients. Tivoli Name Registry (TNR) A service responsible for registering object names and looking up the associated object reference upon request. Tivoli Professional Services (TPS) Consulting services offered to user installations by Tivoli Systems, Inc. Tivoli/Admin A Tivoli application for the administration of user and group information, system configuration and network services. Tivoli/Courier A Tivoli application for the distribution and installation of applications and system software. Tivoli/Enterprise Console A Tivoli application for centralizing automated operations and event processing. Tivoli/EpochBackup A Tivoli application for backup and recovery functions. Tivoli/Print A Tivoli application for managing a distributed print system. Tivoli/Sentry A Tivoli application for monitoring the availability of system resources and services. Tivoli/Workload A Tivoli application for scheduling and managing complex, interdependent jobs distributed over multiple systems. Tk An extension to Tcl Tclproviding an interface to the X windows X-windows. TLA Three Letter Acronym. TLD See top-level domains (TLD) /. TLI See Transport Layer Interface (TLI) /. TLV Type / Length / Value: A coding methodology which provides a flexible and extensible means of coding parameters within a frame. Type indicates parameter type. Length indicates parameter's value length. Value indicates the actual parameter value. TM Traffic Management: Traffic Management is the aspect of the traffic control and congestion control procedures for ATM. ATM layer traffic control refers to the set of actions taken by the network to avoid congestion conditions. ATM layer congestion control refers to the set of actions taken by the network to minimize the intensity, spread and duration of congestion. The following functions form a framework for managing and controlling traffic and congestion in ATM networks and may be used in appropriate combinations. ? Connection Admission Control ? Feedback Control ? Usage Parameter Control ? Priority Control ? Traffic Shaping ? Network Resource Management ? Frame Discard ? ABR Flow Control TME See Tivoli Management Environment (TME) /. TMF See Tivoli Management Framework (TMF) /. TMP See Tivoli Management Platform (TMP) /. TMP Test Management Protocol: A protocol which is used in the test coordination procedures for a particular test suite. TMR See Tivoli Management Region (TMR) /. TNR See Tivoli Name Registry (TNR) /. TNS Transit Network Selection: A signaling element that identifies a public carrier to which a connection setup should be routed. TOA: Time of Arrival is another mobile location technology. TOF Time Out Factor: An ABR service parameter, TOF controls the maximum time permitted between sending forward RM-cells before a rate decrease is required. It is signaled as TOFF where TOF=TOFF+1. TOFF is a power of 2 in the range: 1/8 to 4,096. TOFF Time Out Factor: Refer to TOF. Token A basic, grammatically indivisible unit of a language. Token ring A computer network arbitration scheme in which conflicts in the transmission of messages are avoided by the granting of "tokens" which give permission to send. A station keeps the token while transmitting a message, if it has a message to transmit, and then passes it on to the next station. Token Ring The second most popular Data Link layer standard for local area networking. Token Ring implements the token passing method of arbitrating multiple computer access to the same network. Token Ring operates at either 4 or 16Mbps. FDDI is similar to Token Ring and operates at 100 Mbps. See Data Link Layer. Token-Passing See Token Ring. Toolbuilder see TBK TBK TOP Technical/Office Protocol: a protocol stack for office automation developed by Boeing following the OSI OSI model. This protocol is very similar to MAP MAP except at the lowest levels, where it uses Ethernet Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) rather than Token Bus (IEEE 802.4). top-level domains (TLD) The original seven possible rightmost component of a fully-qualified domain name (FQDN) /f: com, edu, gov, int, mil, net, and org. All except int are administered by the InterNIC /i. Topology Aggregation The process of summarizing and compressing topology information at a hierarchical level to be advertised at the level above. Topology Attribute A generic term that refers to either a link attribute or a nodal attribute. Topology Constraint A topology constraint is a generic term that refers to either a link constraint or a nodal constraint. Topology Database The database that describes the topology of the entire PNNI routing domain as seen by a node. Topology Metric A generic term that refers to either a link metric or a nodal metric. Topology State Parameter A generic term that refers to either a link parameter or a nodal parameter. TPCC Third Party Call Control: A connection setup and management function that is executed from a third party that is not involved in the data flow. TP-MIC Twisted-Pair Media Interface Connector: This refers to the connector jack at the end user or network equipment that receives the twisted pair plug. TPS See Tivoli Professional Services (TPS) /. track A ring of adjacent sectors /s on a disk. The concentric circles of a disk platter /p. trackball A pointing device, equivalent to a mouse lying on its back, that lets you move the cursor on the screen. Trail An entity that transfers information provided by a client layer network between access points in a server layer network. The transported information is monitored at the termination points. Trailer Protocol control information located at the end of a PDU. Transaction A unit of interaction with a DBMS or similar system. It must be treated in a coherent and reliable way independent of other transactions . Transit Delay The time difference between the instant at which the first bit of a PDU crosses one designated boundary and the instant at which the last bit of the same PDU crosses a second designated boundary. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) A connection-oriented protocol (RFC 793) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc793.txt; data is guaranteed to arrive reliably and in sequence. See also IP family /i. Transport Layer Interface (TLI) An SVR4 (AT&T System V, Release 4 Unix) communications layer that sits at the same level as BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) Unix sockets. Transport Layer The OSI model layer responsible for the guaranteed serial delivery of packets between two computers over an internetwork. TCP is the Transport Layer Protocol for the TCP/IP transport protocol. Transport Protocol A service that delivers discrete packets of information between any two computers in a network. Higher level connection-oriented services are built upon transport protocols. Transputer A family of microprocessors from Inmos with interprocessor links, programmable in Occam Occam. Trellis An object-oriented object-oriented application development system from DEC, based on the Trellis language. Tri-Band: Characterizes a handset that is able to operate on three different frequencies. Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) A protocol, defined in RFC 1350 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1350.txt, which is a subset of the File Transfer Protocol /f (RFC 959 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc959.txt), which allows files to be transferred between hosts with limited authentication and only minimal error checking. See also Boot Protocol (BOOTP) /b. Trm An ABR service parameter that provides an upper bound on the time between forward RM-cells for an active source. It is 100 times a power of two with a range of 100*2-7 to 100*20 trojan horse A program designed to emulate another program (such as /bin/login) with the express intent of using the data it receives in a way that negatively impacts your productivity. TRUSIX TRUSted unIX operating system. Trusted Information Systems (TIS) The vendor of a major firewall product. TS Time Stamp: Time Stamping is used on OAM cells to compare time of entry of cell to time of exit of cell to be used to determine the cell transfer delay of the connection. TS Traffic Shaping: Traffic Shaping is a mechanism that alters the traffic characteristics of a stream of cells on a connection to achieve better network efficiency, while meeting the QoS objectives, or to ensure conformance at a subsequent interface. Traffic shaping must maintain cell sequence integrity on a connection. Shaping modifies traffic characteristics of a cell flow with the consequence of increasing the mean Cell Transfer Delay. TS Transport Stream: One of two types of streams produced by the MPEG-2 Systems layer. The Transport Stream consists of 188 byte packets and can contain multiple programs. TSAPI Telephony Services Application Programming Interface. A CTI CTI standard from Novell and AT&T. TSEE Technical and Engineering Environment: part of the RTEE RTEE toolset. TTCN Tree and Tabular Combined Notation: The internationally standardized test script notation for specifying abstract test suites. TTCN provides a notation which is independent of test methods, layers and protocol. TTL See time to live (TTL) /. TULIP The University Licensing Program. A cooperative research project for networked delivery and use of journals, by Elsevier Science and nine US Universities. Tunes A project to design a new computing environment at all levels of software two-phase commit The protocol that transaction monitors use in guaranteeing that a set of operations are completed as a unit. TXL A hybrid functional Functional-programmingand rule-based Rule-basedlanguage for source transformation applications from Queen's Univ. Canada. TXT record See DNS record types, TXT record /d. U UAA Unified Agent Agent Architecture. UBR Unspecified Bit Rate: UBR is an ATM service category which does not specify traffic related service guarantees. Specifically, UBR does not include the notion of a per-connection negotiated bandwidth. No numerical commitments are made with respect to the cell loss ratio experienced by a UBR connection, or as to the cell transfer delay experienced by cells on the connection. UCD User Centered Design. UCE See Unsolicited Commercial Email (UCE). UCS Universal Character Set (Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set) of ISO ISO 10646. UDP (User Datagram Protocol)A non-guaranteed network packet protocol implemented on IP that is far faster than TCP because it doesn't have flow-control overhead. UDP can be implemented as a reliable transport when some higher-level protocol (such as NetBIOS) exists to make sure that required data eventually will be retransmitted in local area environments. UDP See User Datagram Protocol (UDP) /. UDP User Datagram Protocol: the Internet Internet standard protocol for sending datagrams between user programs. This protocol neither guarantees delivery nor does it require a connection. As a result it is lightweight and efficient, but all error processing and retransmission must be taken care of by the application program. This protocol is built on top of IP and uses IP for datagram delivery (see TCP/IP TCP/IP). . UDP User Datagram Protocol: This protocol is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite and provides a means for applications to access the connectionless features of IP. UDP operates at layer 4 of the OSI reference model and provides for the exchange of datagrams without acknowledgements or guaranteed delivery. UDP: User Datagram Protocol, defined by the IETF. This is a protocol used for communication across the Internet . UFS See Unix File System (UFS) /. UI See user interface (UI) /. UI server The display manager and command/callback engine. UI UNIX International: a consortium including Sun and AT&T, promoting an open environment base on UNIX UNIX System V System-V including the Open Look Open-Look windowing system. UID See user ID (UID) /. UIL User Interface Language: in OSF OSF/Motif Motif and DECwindows DECwindows, a language for specifying widget widget hierarchies etc. UIMS User Interface Management System: a system supporting the development and execution of user interfaces, usually on top of windowing systems. UIMX An interface builder for Motif Motif from Visual Edge. UIS A VMS VMS graphics programming interface package for VAXstations. Ultrix A version of UNIX UNIX based on the Berkeley version, designed and implemented by DEC to run on their VAX and DECstation DECstation series of processors. UME UNI Management Entity: The software residing in the ATM devices at each end of the UNI circuit that implements the management interface to the ATM network. UML Unified Modelling Language from Rational encompassing the object-oriented object-oriented analysis and design methodologies of Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson. UMS: Unfied Messaging Systems is a technology that should allow users to access messages sent in different formats through one single interface. Unassigned Cells A cell identified by a standardized virtual path identifier (VPI) and virtual channel identifier (VCI) value, which has been generated and does not carry information from an application using the ATM Layer service. undo Back up one step; discard the most recent change. UNI Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione: the Italian national standards body, a member of ISO ISO. UNI User-Network Interface: An interface point between ATM end users and a private ATM switch, or between a private ATM switch and the public carrier ATM network; defined by physical and protocol specifications per ATM Forum UNI documents. The standard adopted by the ATM Forum to define connections between users or end stations and a local switch. unicast When one individual, specific host sends a message to another individual, specific host. See also anycast /a, broadcast /b, multicast /m. Unicasting The transmit operation of a single PDU by a source interface where the PDU reaches a single destination. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) Also called a Universal Resource Locator. The pointer that defines the access method, host, path name, and file name to some reference or resource on an internet, accessible via a WWW /w browser. Defined in RFC 1738 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1738.txt and RFC 1808 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1808.txt. Uniformity Comparison of one area's brightness to an adjacent area. In general, the brightest part of the image will be in the center area. When moving out to the edges, the intensity of image will vary in a non-linear function. This means that one comer of the screen will not be the same brightness as another comer of the screen. A typical CRT manufacturer's specification may call for up to a 30% difference between the center area and the corners. Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) The modern (post 1972) global coordinated time system, explained in fuller detail. Universal naming convention (UNC)A multivendor, multiplatform convention for identifying shared resources on network. Unix A multitasking operating system, created by AT&T's Bell Labs, that is used trained on the Internet and accessible through most Web browsers. UNIX - One of the most popular disk operating systems for the internet hosts. Unix An operating system written by a couple of people at Bell Laboratories in 1972. They also wrote the C programming language. Since then, several variants of Unix have appeared, including BSD UNIX system V Unix, and Xenix. UNIX Computer operating system developed by Bell Labs. Since it was written in C, it was possible to port it to run on different hardware architectures. It is now offered by many manufacturers and is the subject of an international standardisation effort. See also OSF OSF - . /UNIX Unix File System (UFS) The generic name for the modern implementations of the Berkeley fast file system (FFS) /f. A hierarchical file system /f in common use on Unix systems. unix international (UI) A consortium of computer vendors that supports system V and gives guidance to USL. UNIX International A consortium of AT&T and others formed to advise on the development of UNIX UNIX System V System-V. unix system laboratories (USL) The organisation that develops and maintains Unix system V. Originally owned primarily by AT&T, it is now part of Novell. Unix to Unix Copy (UUCP) A file exchange protocol between two host computers. Used as part of many firewall mechanisms. See also firewall /f. UNO Universal Network Objects. unshielded twisted pair (UTP) A cable where the pair of wires that carry the signal are not shielded from external electromagnetic interference. Unsolicited Commercial Email (UCE) Electronic junk mail advertising a product, service, or web site, where the recipient did not request to receive the message. See also spam /s. UP: Unwired Planet is a set of technologies that enhances the number of services available for handheld devices, for example the UP-Browser. UPC Usage Parameter Control: Usage Parameter Control is defined as the set of actions taken by the network to monitor and control traffic, in terms of traffic offered and validity of the ATM connection, at the end-system access. Its main purpose is to protect network resources from malicious as well as unintentional misbehavior, which can affect the QoS of other already established connections, by detecting violations of negotiated parameters and taking appropriate actions. Uplink Represents the connectivity from a border node to an upnode. Upnode The node that represents a border node's outside neighbor in the common peer group. The upnode must be a neighboring peer of one of the border node's ancestors. URC Uniform (previously Universal) Resource Characteristic (Citation) - . /UR URI Uniform (previously Universal) Resource Identifier - . /UR URL URL stands for "Uniform Resource Locator" or "Universal Resource Locator". It is a draft standard for specifying an object on the Internet, such as a file or newsgroup. The first part of the URL, before the colon, specifies the access method. The part of the URL after the colon is interpreted specific to the access method. In general, two slashes after the colon indicate a machine name (machine:port is also valid).example: URL - Universal Resource Locator. This is a Internet address which tells a user where to locate a specific Web HTML File. For example, Northern Web's EMALL, The Panhandle Pages resides at; http://www.northernwebs.com/ppages Other examples of URL's are;http://www.yahoo.com http://www.mcp.com/nrp/wwwyp/index.htm URL See Uniform Resource Locator (URL) /. URL This is an acronym for Uniform Resource Locator. This is the address of the document that you want to look at. The URL for the Math department's home page is http://math.bu.edu. The first part of this (http:) says that the information you want to retrieve is on a web server. The math.bu.edu part gives the name of the Web server that the information you want to retrieve is located on. URL Uniform (previously Universal) Resource Locator - . /UR URL: Uniform Resources Locator. URN Uniform (previously Universal) Resource Name - . /UR usenet A very large, very informal, very disorganized network through which many megabytes of news, rumor, and gossip are distributed every day. USENET news A hierarchical organization of news articles and groups containing information. The information ranges from technical (comp.*) to entertainment and social activities (rec.*, soc.*) to debates (talk.*). Usenet The practice of using computer networks to exchange items of information grouped into "newsgroups" by topic. This is supported by a number of diverse and informally applied mechanisms and conventions - . /Usenet USENIX The UNIX UNIX and Advanced Computing Systems Professional and Technical Association User Datagram Protocol (UDP) A connectionless and therefore inherently unreliable data protocol (RFC 768) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc768.txt where data is sent but not acknowledged. No guarantee of delivery is defined in the UDP protocol; no attempt to recover from data loss is performed. See also IP family /i. user ID (UID) A numeric value for the user's account identification. user interface (UI) The interface between the user and the program. See also command line interface (CLI) /c, graphical user interface (GUI) /g, user /u. user The ultimate source or destination of a message, or the ultimate cause or effect of an action. username The name by which Unix knows you. You enter this name when you log in. Also known as your user ID or login ID. USL UNIX System Laboratories: the software subsidiary of AT&T, responsible for UNIX UNIX System V System-V and related software. USMARC See MARC MARC. USSD: Unstructured Supplementary Services Data allows for the transmission of information via a GSM network. Contrasting with SMS, it offers real time connection during a session. A USSD message can be upto 182 alphanumeric characters in length. This is a WAP bearer service. UT Upper Tester: The representation in ISO/IEC 9646 of the means of providing, during test execution, control and observation of the upper service boundary of the IUT, as defined by the chosen Abstract Test Method. UTC See Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) /. UTF UCS UCS Transformation Format of ISO ISO 10646. UTF Universal Text Format, an SGML SGML standard for the news distribution indistry - . /UTF utility A small, useful program. Unix comes with some utilities like diff and sort. utility An application, program, or script used to accomplish a specific task. UTMS: Universal Mobile Phone System is the European implemention of the ETSI's 3G system. The advertised data rates for UTMS are: 144 Kb per second for vehicular transmissions, 384 Kb per second for oedestian and 2Mb per second for in-building communication, UTOPIA Universal Test & Operations Interface for ATM: Refers to an electrical interface between the TC and PMD sublayers of the PHY layer. UTP See unshielded twisted pair (UTP) /. UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair: A cable having one or more twisted pairs, but with no shield per pair. UUCP See Unix to Unix Copy (UUCP) /. UUCP The large international network of UNIX UNIX machines using the UUCP protocol to exchange news and electronic mail. uucp The Unix-to-Unix copy program. One of the ways that mail, usenet news, and random files can be sent between computers. uuencoded file An electronic-mail message format that contains a binary file disguised as text. When you run the message through uuencode, the binary file is reconstituted. This is a clever way to send binary files through electronic mail. V V A testbed for distributed system research . VAD See Voice Activity Detection (VAD) /. Validation The process of evaluating software at the end of the development process to ensure compliance with software requirements. value Anything that may be a legitimate (actual) parameter in a request. In particular, a value is an instance of an IDL /i data type. Vanity Page - A vanity page is a website placed on-line by an individual, not for commercial purposes, or as an informational resource, but simple because it tells something about the person that put the page up. variable A container, referrer to with a name=, that can store a number, a string, or an object. VAX A range of 32-bit computers manufactured by DEC. VAX DOCUMENT A document preparation system from DEC. VAX/VMS see VMS VMS. VAXset A set of software development tools from DEC, including a language-sensitive editor, compilers etc. VAXstation A family of workstations from DEC based on their VAX computer architecture. VB Visual Basic VBR Variable Bit Rate: An ATM Forum defined service category which supports variable bit rate data traffic with average and peak traffic parameters. VBScript A scripting language developed by Microsoft, with syntax based on Visual Basic. Only Microsoft Internet Explorer supports VBScript. VC A communications channel that provides for the sequential unidirectional transport of ATM cells. VCAL: Electronic or virtual Calendar, developed by the versit consortium and now controlled by the Internet Mail Consortium. This open specification defines the format of electronic personal calendar entry and scheduling information. vCARD: Elecronic or virtual Card, developed by the versit consortium and now controlled by the Internet Mail Consortium. This open specification defines the format of an Electronic Business Card. VCC Virtual Channel Connection: A concatenation of VCLs that extends between the points where the ATM service users access the ATM layer. The points at which the ATM cell payload is passed to, or received from, the users of the ATM Layer (i.e., a higher layer or ATM-entity) for processing signify the endpoints of a VCC. VCCs are unidirectional. VCI See virtual circuit identifier (VCI) /. VCI Virtual Channel Identifier: A unique numerical tag as defined by a 16 bit field in the ATM cell header that identifies a virtual channel, over which the cell is to travel. VCL Virtual Channel Link: A means of unidirectional transport of ATM cells between the point where a VCI value is assigned and the point where that value is translated or removed. VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator: An oscillator whose clock frequency is determined by the magnitude of the voltage presented at its input. The frequency changes when the voltage changes. VD Virtual Destination. Refer to VS/VD. VDL Vienna Definition Language: an algebraic definition language, see VDM VDM. VDM Vienna Definition Method: a program development method based on formal specification using the Meta-IV language - . /VDM VDM Virtual Device Metafile. VEE see HP VEE HP-VEE. Verification The process of determining whether or not the products of a given phase in the life-cycle fulfill a set of established requirements. Verilog A Hardware Description Language for electronic design and gate level simulation. Verilog SA A French real-time real-time software engineering company. Version A variant of the original value of an object. See change management change-management Vertical Frequency This indicates how many times per second the monitor can draw all the lines on an entire screen. A higher Vertical frequency or Refresh rate will produce less flicker. VF Variance Factor: VF is a relative measure of cell rate margin normalized by the variance of the aggregate cell rate on the link VHDL Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Description Language: a high-level VLSI VLSI design language, now standardised as IEEE IEEE Std.1076 - . /VHDL VHE Virtual Home Environment: a tool for using NFS NFS on HP UX HP-UX . VIFF Visualization Image File Format - . /Graphics Viola An experimental hypercard hypercard-like interpreted hypertext hypertext system by Pei Y. Wei of Berkeley. VIP Virtual Internet Internet Protocol - . VIPA VMEbus VMEbus International Physics Association. Virtual Channel Switch A network element that connects VCLs. It terminates VPCs and translates VCI values. It is directed by Control Plane functions and relays the cells of a VC. virtual circuit A channel or circuit established between two points on an ATM /a network. Circuit numbers 0 through 31 are reserved; circuit 5 is the signalling channel. Virtual circuits can be Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) /p or Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC) /s (dynamic). virtual circuit identifier (VCI) The identifier code used with the virtual path identifier for routing ATM /a cells /c. virtual memory A sneaky trick by which Unix pretends to have more memory than it really does. When you are not looking, Unix copies information from memory to the disk to free up space in memory. When you need the information on disk, Unix copies it from the disk back into memory. Virtual memory is generally invisible, except when a program uses it too enthusiastically; then the computer spends all its time copying stuff back and forth to the disk and no time doing useful work, a condition called thrashing. virtual path A group of virtual circuits bundled together. virtual path identifier (VPI) The identifier code used with the virtual circuit identifier for routing ATM /a cells /c. Virtual Path Switch A network element that connects VPLs. It translates VPI (not VCI) values and is directed by Control Plane functions. It relays the cell of the VP. Virtual Private Network (VPN) A service from telephone companies to provide PBX trunking services, typically including volume price discounts. Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) Similar to SGML /s and HTML /h, the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) provides a way to textually represent objects in a three-dimensional virtual world, defining color, size, shape, lighting factors, and so forth. VIRTUAL SERVER A Virtual Server is fully functioning Web Server that resides within the same physical location of a true Web Server. Multiple Virtual Servers can reside on a single Web Server. This technology sprang up in the mid 1990's and has allowed business and persons to have the benefits of a Web Server at a very feasible rate. virus A program that was designed to do something usually counterproductive and occasionally destructive, whether through ignorance or malice, to your work. Other similar terms include worm /w and trojan horse /t. Visual Basic A programming language and development environment for Windows Windows from Microsoft Visualisation A method by which a computer system presents data to the user VITA VMEbus International Trade Association. VITAL VHDL Initiative Towards ASIC Libraries VLAN Virtual Local Area Network: Work stations connected to an intelligent device which provides the capabilities to define LAN membership. VLIW Very Long Instruction Word. VLSI Very Large Scale Integration. Refers to semiconductor chips composed of very many tightly packed logic elements or memories. VM see VM/CMS VM/CMS. VM/CMS Virtual Machine / Conversational Monitor System: an IBM operating system running on 43xx and 30xx series machines, providing efficient support for large numbers of interactive users. VME Common abbreviation for VMEbus VMEbus. VMEbus A widely accepted backplane interconnection bus system developed by a consortium of companies led by Motorola, now standardized as IEEE IEEE Std. 1014. VMS The operating system offered by DEC as the standard system for their VAX range of processors. Voice Activity Detection (VAD) A technology that recognizes when a person is speaking and when a person is silent to suppress sending unnecessary noise across a telecommunications line. VoiceXML: VoiceXML, a makeup language for speech, is standard being pushed by the VoiceXML the internet via a phone, whether wired or not. VoIP: Voice over IP is a protocol that allows the transmission of voice over Internet networks by using IP encoding. VoxML: A markup language for speech proposed by Motorola for their telephony applications. VP Virtual Path: A unidirectional logical association or bundle of VCs. VPC Virtual Path Connection: A concatenation of VPLs between Virtual Path Terminators (VPTs). VPCs are unidirectional. VPI See virtual path identifier (VPI) /. VPI Virtual Path Identifier: An eight bit field in the ATM cell header which indicates the virtual path over which the cell should be routed. VPL Virtual Path Link: A means of unidirectional transport of ATM cells between the point where a VPI value is assigned and the point where that value is translated or removed. VPN See Virtual Private Network (VPN) /. VPN Virtual Private Network. A computer network that appears to be a dedicated network to a particular set of users, whilst in fact using the infrastructure of public switched networks. VPT Virtual Path Terminator: A system that unbundles the Vcs of a VP for independent processing of each VC. VRML See Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) /. VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language - . /VRML VRTX Virtual Real-Time Executive: a real-time real-time operating system from ReadySystems for the Motorola 68000 family of microprocessors. VS Virtual Scheduling: Virtual Scheduling is a method to determine the conformance of an arriving cell. The virtual scheduling algorithm updates a Theoretical Arrival Time (TAT), which is the "nominal" arrival time of the cell assuming that the active source sends equally spaced cells. If the actual arrival time of a cell is not "too" early relative to the TAT, then the cell is conforming. Otherwise the cell is non-conforming. VS Virtual Source. Refer to VS/VD. VS/VD Virtual Source/Virtual Destination: An ABR connection may be divided into two or more separately controlled ABR segments. Each ABR control segment, except the first, is sourced by a virtual source. A virtual source implements the behavior of an ABR source endpoint. Backwards RM-cells received by a virtual source are removed from the connection. Each ABR control segment, except the last, is terminated by a virtual destination. A virtual destination assumes the behavior of an ABR destination endpoint. Forward RM-cells received by a virtual destination are turned around and not forwarded to the next segment of the connection. VSAT Very small aperture terminal.It is small satellite terminal used for digital communications. VSF Virtual Software Factory: a product from Systematica which allows users to develop CASE tools CASE-tools appropriate to any software engineering methodology. VSNL VIDESH SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED VSX Verification Suite.for X/open X/open VTOA Voice and Telephony Over ATM: The ATM Forum voice and telephony over ATM service interoperability specifications address three applications for carrying voice over ATM networks; desktop (or LAN services), trunking (or WAN services), and mobile services. VTS A suite of test programs for Motif Motif from OSF OSF. VUE Visual User Environment: a desktop manager desktop-manager for UNIX UNIX from Hewlett-Packard. VUIT Visual User Interface Tool: a WYSIWYG WYSIWYG editor from DEC for building human interfaces to applications using OSF OSF/Motif Motif. It provides an interactive interface to UIL UIL and the Motif toolkit. VxWorks A real-time real-time software development environment and multitasking operating system from Wind River Systems that uses the VRTX kernel. W W3 W3 is a group of networking professionals, academia, scientists and corporations who have been charged with maintaining and developing the emerging internet technologies which apply to the web. W3 is also in charge of any new standards for HTML. W3 See WWW WWW. W3C The World Wide Web Consortium W3C World Wide Web Consotrium is an international standards organization whose aim is to define and develop technical specifications for the development of the Web. WABI A software package to emulate Windows Windows under X WAE Wireless Application Environment is part of the WAP stack of protocols. It consists framework containing all the elements allowing for the development of wireless applications. This includes WML, WMLScript, the WAE User Agent and supported media types. WAIS See Wide Area Index System (WAIS) /. WAIS Wide Area Information Servers: a distributed document retrieval system supported by Apple, Thinking Machines and Dow Jones. Servers answer questions from personal workstations following a standard protocol - . /WAIS WAN See Wide Area Network (WAN) /. WAN WIDE AREA NETWORK WAN Wide Area Network. WAN Wide Area Network: This is a network which spans a large geographic area relative to office and campus environment of LAN (Local Area Network). WAN is characterized by having much greater transfer delays due to laws of physics. WAO Forum Standard committee first founded by Unwired Planet (now Phone.com) whose role is development of specification for the WAP standard. WAP Push Access Protocol or PAP , is a protocol used for the transmission of information that should be pushed to a client. This protocol controls the transmission of push information between the Push Initialor (Server) and the Push Proxy/Gateway. The 'transmission between the Push Proxy/Gateway and the network client is controlled by the WAP Push OTA Protocol. WAP Wireless Application Protocol, open global standard for wireless solutions. This technology permits the design of interactive, real time wireless devices. Warehouse See Data Warehouse data-warehouse. WARIA Workflow workflow And Reengineering International Association - . /WARIA.txt WASI Wireless Application Protocol Service Indication is a content the that allows content providers to send notification to users in an asynchronous manner. In its most basic form a SI will be a short message with an attached URL. Wasserman A.I.(Tony) Wasserman: president of IDE IDE. Waterfall A software life-cycle life-cyclemodel showing the phases of the cycle and their interrelations on a characteristic diagram. Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) A means of multiplexing different wavelengths of light onto the same physical fiber-optic communications line pair, allowing up to a 40x increase in bandwidth. A single wavelength of light limits a T1 line to 1.4 Mb/s (+/- allowing for clocking); using different wavelengths of light allow the same fiber pair to carry 60Mb/s of data. WBMP Wireless Bitmap, is a graphic format optimized for the transmission of bitmaps over wireless networks. WBXML WAP Binary XML content is a binary representation of XML. The binary nature of the representation means a reduction in the resources to reansmit XML documents to ireless devices. W-CDMA Wideband CDMA. WCMP Wireless Control Message Protocol is a part of the WAP stack and provides an error reporting mechanism for the WDP(Wireless Datagram Protocol). These errors can be captured and managed. WCP See Wellfleet Compression Protocol (WCP) /. WDM See Wave Division Multiplexing /. WDP Wireless Datagram Protocol. WE A hypertext hypertext authoring system developed at the University of North Carolina. WEB BROWSER A web browser is a software package that allows your computer, once connected to the Web, to fetch documents from Web Servers around the World, translate the HTML code in the documents and display the information to your screen. examples: Netscape Navigator, Mosaic, MS Internet Explorer. Web Clipping Palm proprietary format for the delivery of web based information to Palm devices via synchronization or wireless communication (Palm VII) WEB See Literate Programming Literate-Programming and also World-Wide Web WWW Web See WWW WWW. WEB SERVER A Web Server is a computer on the World Wide Web (connected to the Internet Backbone) that stores HTML documents that can be retrieved via a Web Browser. WEB SITE The Web Site is a location on the Internet, specifically it refers to the POP location in which it resides. All Web Sites are referenced using a special addressing scheme called a URL. A Web Site can mean a single HTML file put up by an individual (called a personal page or vanity page) or hundreds of files placed on the net by a commercial venture. Wellfleet Compression Protocol (WCP) The proprietary protocol that allows Wellfleet routers to make more efficient use of network bandwidth for inter-router communications. Westmount A Netherlands software engineering vendor of RTEE RTEE and other products. WFMS WorkFlow Management System. Software to manage workflow workflow in an organisation. Whetstone A benchmark Benchmarkprogram. Wide Area Index System (WAIS) A means for indexing and searching WWW documents. Wide Area Network (WAN) A network /n of machines in a wide area, such as one or more metropolitan areas. Can consist of multiple Local Area Networks (LAN) /l. Wide Area Network (WAN) A network that extends across multiple locations. Each location typically has a local area network (LAN) and the LANs are connected together in a WAN. Typically used for enterprise networking. Widget In the X Window System X-Window-System, a window with its associated input and output functions. Widgets, provided by a library package, are used as building blocks to construct a wide variety of application environments - . /Widget wildcard A special character that acts like a joker when it is used in filenames or pathnames. Unix shells have two: * and ? Willow A Motif Motif-based user interface program for bibliographic information retrieval systems, from Washington University - . WIM Wireless Identity Module is part of WTLS that stores information necessary for te protocol to execute its security and authentication functions. SIM cards and Smartcards are implementation of WIM. wimp Windows, icons, and mouse pointing. See GUI WIMP Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointers (or maybe Windows, Icons, Mouse, Pull-down menus). The style of user interface made popular by the Apple Macintosh and now available in other GUI GUIs, such as OSF OSF/Motif Motif and NeWS NeWS. window A rectangular area of the screen in which a program displays something. If you use a GUI, you can have several windows onscreen at a time, each displaying a different program. Window manager In a window system window-system, a program which manages windows on a screen. It is responsible for moving and resizing windows, and other practical functions. window manager The program (like OPEN LOOK or Motif) that gives the screen the overall look of a GUI. Window system Software which supports windowing windowing. Examples are the X Window System X-Window-System, and proprietary systems on the Macintosh, NeXT and Sun. Windowing The ability to interact at will with several processes in a computer through reserved areas, or windows, on a VDU screen. Windows 4GL INGRES/Windows 4GL is a graphical tool running on top of workstation native windowing systems, to help developers to build user interfaces to INGRES INGRES applications. Windows A window system window-system and user interface software from Microsoft for MS-DOS MS-DOS. Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) A network service for Microsoft networks that provides Windows computers with Internet numbers for specified NetBIOS names, facilitating browsing and intercommunication over TCP/IP networks. Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) A system that determines the IP address associated with a particular network computer. This is called name resolution. WINS supports network client and server computers running Windows and can provide name resolution for other computers with special arrangements. Determining the IP address for a computer is a complex process when DHCP /d servers assign IP addresses dynamically. For example, it is possible for DHCP to assign a different IP address to a client each time the machine logs on to the network. See also Domain Name Service (DNS) /d. Windows NT File System (NTFS) One of the file system /f for the Windows NT operating system (Windows NT also supports the FAT /f file system). NTFS has features to improve reliability, such as transaction logs to help recover from disk failures. To control access to files, you can set permissions for directories, individual files, or both. NTFS files are not accessible from other operating systems such as DOS /d. WINS See Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) /. WISE Web-Integrated Software metrics Environment. A WWW based software management and metrics system from NASA WISE World Wide Information System for Support of R&D Efforts. A project funded by the Commission of the European Communities to encourage "Transborder Telework and Research Co-operation" WIT WWW Interactive Talk wizard A person who knows more about Unix than is really healthy. Encourage wizards to get outside once in a while. (A typical wizard figures that turning up the brightness on the screen is equivalent to going out in the sunshine.) WizDOM Software for distributed UNIX system management from TIVOLI Systems of Austin, Texas WKS record See DNS record types, WKS record /d. WML Wireless Markup Language is a subset of XML and has been developed especially for WAP. It provides 4 major functionalities: allows for text display on a device, card and deck organization, navigation and linking, and stage management. WMLScript Libraries are sets of libraries that allow programmers to access and take full advantages of WMLScript's core functionality. WMLScript: is a scripting language specifically designed to be used for programming mobile devices. It is based on the ECMAScript specification but has been optimized for low bandwidth communication and thin clients. Word A document processing program from Microsoft. word processor A program that lets you create documents--files that contain text, pictures, and formatting codes. Unix word processors include Wordperfect and Microsoft Word. Workflow The way in which work units (information or actions) are routed through an organisation. It can be formalised in terms of rules incorporating dependencies, staff roles etc. and hence automated - . /WoW working directory The directory you are working in. The pwd command tells you your working directory. workstation A computer with a big screen, a keyboard, and a mouse. If it runs Unix, it's called a workstation; if it runs DOS, it's called a PC. And, if it runs Macintosh Finder (or whatever that system is called), it's called a Mac. (If a train stops at a train station, what happens at a workstation?) Workstation A general-purpose computer designed to be used by one person at a time and which offers higher performance than normally found in a PC, especially with respect to graphics, processing power and the ability to carry out several tasks at the same time. World Wide Web (WWW) A hypertext /h-based client/server model for finding and accessing resources on the Internet. World Wide Web (WWW) A term used for the collection of computers on the Internet running HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol servers. The WWW allows for text and graphics to have hyperlinks, which connect users to other servers. Using a Web browser such as Netscape or Mosaic, a user can cross-link from one server to another at the click of a button. worm A virus-like program designed to damage your data and/or negatively affect your productivity. See virus /v. WOSC World Organisation of Systemics and Cybernetics. WSL Wide Spectrum Language developed for program transformation - . /Transformation WSP Wireless Section Protocol is the layer of the WAP Protocol stack that controls the transmission between a remote client and a server (or proxy). At its core, WSA is the wireless version of HTTP and therefore manages all aspects of a session (from the time that the connection to the network is established to the time the user ends that connection). WSP should provide both push and pull data transfer capabilities. WSRD Worldwide Software Resources Discovery. An ASSET ASSET service. WTA Wireless telephony Application is an extension of the WAE(Wireless Application Environment) by providing a set of interfaces to the telephony functionality of a mobile device. WTAI Wireless Telephony Application Interface is a set of Interface that extend the WAE (Wireless Application Environment) to include telephony applications. WTLS Wireless Transport Layer security is that part of the WAP Stack and defines and controls the security features of a wireless transaction. WTP: Wireless Transaction protocol is that part of the WAP protocol stack that controls and manages sessions. It effectively controls the intersection between a user agent and a content server. WWW (World Wide Web) To put it simply, the World Wide Web is a point-and-click user-friendly Internet interface. It could also be considered the graphical extension of the Internet. It can have two connotations:- First: the whole constellation of resources that can be accessed using Gopher, FTP, HTTP, telnet, USENET, WAIS and some other tools. Second: the universe of hypertext servers (HTTP servers) which are the servers that allow text, graphics, sound files, etc. to be mixed together. WWW See World Wide Web (WWW) /. WWW World-Wide Web: a project originated at CERN /, aimed at providing hypertext hypertext-style access to information from a wide range of sources WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get: a feature of document preparation systems allowing the user to work on a document displayed on a screen in exactly the same form as it will appear when printed. X An abbreviation for the X Window System X-Window-System. X client An application process in the X Window System X-Window-System: it gains access to windowing services via the Xlib library. These are translated by the system into messages to an X server X-server. X Consortium A vendor consortium supporting development of the X Window System X-Window-System - . /X-consortium X pixmap (XPM) An encoding standard for X Windows pixel maps. All Tivoli bitmaps (for example, icons) are stored in XPM format. X protocol A standard used by clients (applications) and servers in the X Window System X-Window-System for exchanging requests for window manipulations. X server A process which controls a bitmap display device.in an X Window System X-Window-System. It performs operations on request from client applications. X server A program that draws the pictures and displays the text on-screen if you use the X window system or a GUI based on X. X terminal A terminal that can act as an X server so that you can use the X windows system, Motif, or OPEN LOOK. It has a little computer in it to do the X-specific stuff. X terminal An intelligent terminal which operates as an X server X-server directly connected to Ethernet Ethernet. X Window System (X11) Developed at MIT /m, a windowing system for Unix and similar hosts. Allows for multiple users, many different levels of customization, high flexibility, and reasonable overhead. Defined in RFC 1198 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1198.txt. X window system A GUI designed at MIT. Two other major GUIs, Motif and OPEN LOOK, are based on X. X Window System A specification for device-independent windowing windowing operations on bitmap display devices, developed by MIT MIT and now a de facto standard supported by the X consortium X-consortium X Windows See X Window System X-Window-System. X.25 A standard networking protocol protocol suite approved by the CCITT CCITT and ISO ISO. This protocol suite defines standard physical, link, and networking layers (layers 1 through 3). X.25 networks are in use throughout the world. X.25 An Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) /o protocol defining packet structure and exchange. X.400 An Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) /o protocol (RFC 1465) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1465.txt defining mail exchange. X.400 The set of CCITT CCITT communications standards covering mail services provided by data networks. X.500 An Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) /o protocol (RFC 2120) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2120.txt defining directory services. See also Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) /l. X.500 The set of CCITT CCITT standards covering electronic mail directory services. X.desktop A desktop manager desktop-manager for UNIX UNIX from IXI. X/Open An independent, worldwide, open systems organization headquartered in the UK and supported by most of the world's largest information system suppliers, user organizations and software companies. Its mission is to bring to users greater value from computing, through the practical implementation of open systems. X/Open An international consortium of vendors whose purpose is to define the X/Open Common Applications Environment designed to provide applications portability - . /Xopen X11 See the X Window System (X11) /. X11R4 Version 11 release 4 of the X protocol X-protocol; the current standard. X11R5 Version 11 release 5 of the X protocol X-protocol; the new standard. X3J16 The C++ C++ standard technical committee. Xanadu An electronic publishing project due to Ted Nelson, the inventor of the term hypertext hypertext - . /Xanadu Xaw The Athena Athena Widget Widget Set: a set of widgets distributed with the X Window System X-Window-System. X-designer A user interface builder for Motif from Imperial Software Technology. XDF Xrm Decrease Factor: An ABR service parameter, XDF controls the decrease in ACR associated with Xrm. It is a power of two in range: [0, 1]. XDR eXternal Data Representation - universal machine independent form of data sent by RPC RPC systems. Described in RFC RFC 1014. XDR See eXternal Data Representation (XDR). XENIX A version of Unix developed by Microsoft, of all people, and now maintained and distributed by SCO (Santa Cruz Organization). XENIX UNIX implementations from SCO Xerox Network Systems (XNS) The network architecture developed by the Xerox Corporation in the 1970s. The XNS Internet protocol suite is similar to the TCP/IP suite. However, different packet formats and terminology are used. XNS protocols establish a means of transport for data across an interconnection of network or Internet. A sample library provides user applications for XNS, such as the courier, associate printing, filing, and clearinghouse protocols. Xerox PARC The Palo Alto Research Center of the Xerox Corporation. Xerox The Document Company XIE X Image Extension: extensions to the X protocol to handle images. Xlib X library: program interface to the X Window System XML Extensible Markup Language. A data format under study for structured document interchange on the World-Wide Web XML See eXtended Markup Language (XML) XML Xperimental Markup Language based on CML XML: extensible Markup Language. xmosaic See Mosaic XMP The X/Open Management Protocols. XNS See Xerox Network Systems (XNS) XNS Xerox Network Services: a proprietary networking architecture developed by Xerox. XOM The X/Open OSI Abstract Data Manipulation API. Xopen See X/Open XPG X/open Portability Guide: defines the interfaces of the X/Open Common Applications Environment. XPG3 X/Open Portability Guide Version 3. XPG3 Version 3 of XPG XPG4 X/Open Portability Guide Version 4. XPM See X pixmap (XPM) XRemote A serial line protocol for the X Window System Xrm An ABR service parameter, Xrm limits the number of forward RM-cells which may be sent in the absence of received backward RM-cells. The range is 0-255. XRN A newsreader program for Usenet news base on the X Window System host. XSI X/Open System Interface specification: part of the Common Applications Environment. XSLT: extensible Style sheet Language Transformation. Xt The intrinsics of the Window System Toolkit. X-terminal An intelligent terminal with a built-in implementation of an X server , which can therefore communicate with computers running X clients Xterminal See X-terminal XTI X/open Transport Interface. XUI X User Interface: program interface to the X Window System supported by DEC. Xv++ A library of classes from Interface Engineering, Stevenage, providing a C++ Application Programmer's Interface to the XView toolkit. XView A toolkit from Sun, derived from SunView, providing an Open Look user interface for applications. XVT eXtensible Virtual Toolkit: a product allowing applications to be developed independent of GUI Xwindow See X Window System Y Y++ An Object-Oriented analysis and design approach. yacc Yet Another Compiler Compiler. A parser generator for UNIX by S.C.Johnson YACL Yet Another Class Library Yellow Pages (YP) See Network Information Service (NIS) YP See Network Information Service (NIS) YP Yellow Pages: a name server in NFS to link clients desiring a service with servers who can provide it. YSM Yourdon Structured Method Z39.50 Information Retrieval Service Definition and Protocol Specification for Library Applications. Developed by NISO this standard specifies an OSI application layer service to allow an application on one computer to query a database on another; it is used by WAIS Z Z39.50 Information Retrieval Service Definition and Protocol Specification for Library Applications. Developed by NISO, this standard specifies an OSI application layer service to allow an application on one computer to query a database on another; it is used by WAIS Z A formal specification language developed at Oxford University for describing computing systems, based on set theory and predicate calculus ZEBRA A data management package in the CERN Program Library - ZIP One of the most commonly used compression formats for PC and UNIX based computers. ZOG A high-performance hypertext system developed at Carnegie-Mellon University. zone One or more domains in a DNS hierarchy or a db.name file.