**************************************************************************************** Downloaded form http://www.laynetworks.com : solutions@laynetworks.com Do visit the site for the tones of information for the programmers and the newbies Get your free 6 mb email account form www.laynetworks.com **************************************************************************************** 16-CAP Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation with 16 constellation points: The modulation technique used in the 51.84 Mb Mid-Range Physical Layer Specification for Category 3 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP-3). 3G 3G or 3rd generation mobile technology is the generic term used to describe the next generation of mobile telephony systems. 3G systems will expand mobile telephony capabilities include voice, text and data transmission over wireless networks. 4GL Fourth generation language. 64-CAP Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation with 64 constellation points. 88open A consortium with the aim of creating a multivendor open computing environment based on the Motorola 88000 RISC processor family A ATM Adapation Layer: The standards layer that allows multiple applications to have data converted to and from the ATM cell. A protocol used that translates higher layer services into the size and format of an ATM cell. AAL Connection Association established by the AAL between two or more next higher layer entities. AAL-1 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 1: AAL functions in support of constant bit rate, time-dependent traffic such as voice and video. AAL-2 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 2: This AAL is still undefined by the International Standards bodies. It is a placeholder for variable bit rate video transmission. AAL-3/4 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 3/4: AAL functions in support of variable bit rate, delay-tolerant data traffic requiring some sequencing and/or error detection support. Originally two AAL types, i.e. connection-oriented and connectionless, which have been combined. AAL-5 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 5: AAL functions in support of variable bit rate, delay-tolerant connection-oriented data traffic requiring minimal sequencing or error detection support. AAP The Association of American Publishers: engaged in standardisation efforts in document preparation. AAP DTD A DTD for a standard SGML document type for scientific documents, defined by the AAP ABI Application Binary Interface: the interface by which an application program gains access to operating system and other services, designed to permit porting of compiled binary applications between systems with the same ABI. ABR Available Bit Rate: ABR is an ATM layer service category for which the limiting ATM layer transfer characteristics provided by the network may change subsequent to connection establishment. A flow control mechanism is specified which supports several types of feedback to control the source rate in response to changing ATM layer transfer characteristics. It is expected that an end-system that adapts its traffic in accordance with the feedback will experience a low cell loss ratio and obtain a fair share of the available bandwidth according to a network specific allocation policy. Cell delay variation is not controlled in this service, although admitted cells are not delayed unnecessarily. Absolute pathname A pathname that tells you how to find a file by starting at the root directory and working down the directory tree. Abstract Class In object-oriented programming, a class designed only as a parent from which sub-classes may be derived, but which is not itself suitable for instantiation. Often used to "abstract out" incomplete sets of features, which may then be shared by a group of sibling sub-classes, which add different variations of the missing pieces. Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) The OSI language for describing abstract syntax, which is a description of data structures independent of machine orientation. Abstract Syntax Representation, revision #I (ASN.I)A description of a data structure that is independent of machine-oriented structures and encodings. ACA Application Control Architecture: DEC's implementation of ORB Access Control List (ACL) Defines the roles that are required to execute a method. Defines the user or group IDs of people who do (or do not) have explicit access to a file or directory. ACCOUNT An e-mail account is the arrangement you've made with an ISP or network administrator in which space is allocated on a server for your mail, and in which you're assigned the right to send and received e-mail. ACE Advanced Computing Environment: a consortium to agree on an open architecture based on the MIPS R4000 chip. A computer architecture ARCS will be defined, on which either OS/2 or Open Desktop can be run. ACE Adaptive Communication Environment, a C++ Wrapper Library for communications from the University of California at Irvine. ACL Agent Communication Language. ACL Asynchronous Connectionless Link, type of data packet (data only). ACL Access Control List. ACM Association for Computing Machinery. ACM Address Complete Message: A BISUP call control message from the receiving exchange to sending exchange indicating the completion of address information. ACR Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio: One of the factors that limits the distance a signal may be sent through a given media. ACR is the ratio of the power of the received signal, attenuated by the media, over the power of the NEXT crosstalk from the local transmitter, usually expressed in decibels (db). To achieve a desired bit error rate, the received signal power must usually be several times larger than the NEXT power or plus several db. Increasing a marginal ACR may decrease the bit error rate. ACR Allowed Cell Rate: An ABR service parameter, ACR is the current rate in cells/sec at which a source is allowed to send. Acrobat A platform-independent text and image formatter/viewer from Adobe Systems. Actis An approach to integrated CASE by Apollo. Active object An object that encompasses its own thread of control. Active DBMS A conventional or passive DBMS combined with a means of event detection and condition monitoring. Event handling is often rule-based, as with an expert system. ActiveX A software development kit from Microsoft for development of Internet applications and content. ACTIVEX A new programming standard proposed by Microsoft Corporation which would increase the functionality of webpages. Similar in nature to Java and Javascripts. Active timing This is defined as the portion of the Video Signal that carries the actual Video information. Surrounding this region, is the front porch and back porch. Actor In object-oriented programming, an object which exists as a concurrent process. Actor A term in Chorus denoting the unit of resource allocation. Actra A multiprocessor Smalltalk project. Actual Image Size The size of the display on the screen is dependent upon the timing signals provided by the video card. The displayable diagonal linear measurement can vary based on the graphic mode being generated and how the monitor responds to the characteristics of the signal. AD/Cycle (AD = Application Development): a set of SAA-compatible IBM-sponsored products for program development, running on workstations accessing a central repository on a mainframe. The stages cover requirements, analysis and design, production of the application, building and testing, and maintenance. Technologies used include code generators and knowledge based systems, as well as languages and debuggers. Ada A high-level computer language sponsored by the US Department of Defense. It has a multitasking mechanism, and a number of features useful for software engineering. AdaIC Ada Information Clearinghouse Adaline Name given by Widrow to ADAptive LInear NEurons, that is neurons (seeMcCulloch-Pitts), which learn using the Widrow-Huff Delta Rule (see also Madaline). ADAMO A data management system written at CERN based on the Entity-Relationship model. Adaptable User Interface A toolkit from Oracle allowing applications to be written portably for different windowing systems. It provides one call level interface along with a resource manager and editor across a range of "standard" GUIs, including Macintosh, Windows and the X Window System. Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) A way to reduce the bandwidth needed by digitized voice channels by half (to 32 Kb from 64 Kb). Adaptive learning Learning in which a system programs itself by adjusting weights or strengths until it produces the desired output. Same as Hebbian ADDD A Depository of Development Documents. A public domain Software Engineering Environment from GMD developed as part of the STONE project. Address In TCP/IP, an IP address is a 32-bit numeric identifier assigned to a node. The address has two parts, one for the network identifier and the other for the node identifier. All nodes on the same network must share the network address and have unique node address. For networks connected to the Internet, network addresses are assigned by the Internet Activities Board (IAB). Addresses also include IPX addresses -the internal network number and external network number-and the MAC (Media access Control) address assigned to each network card or device. Address The name you use to say who is supposed to receive an electronic-mail message. An electronic-mail address consists of the person's user name and , if the person is on a different computer than you are, the name of the computer. ADDRESS BOOK An address book is a file in which you can store the e-mail addresses of people to whom you frequently write. When you add a person to your address book, you'll typically enter the person's real name and his or her e-mail address. In some e-mail programs, as you type the person's real name in the recipient field of a new message, the program will automatically locate the person's real name and e-mail address and fill it in for you. Address Prefix A string of 0 or more bits up to a maximum of 152 bits that is the lead portion of one or more ATM addresses. Address Resolution Address Resolution is the procedure by which a client associates a LAN destination with the ATM address of another client or the BUS. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) An Ethernet protocol used to translate IP network addresses into Ethernet hardware addresses (also known as Media Access Control (MAC) addresses). Adjacency The relationship between two communicating neighboring peer nodes. Adjacent hosts Two hosts are adjacent if they have permanent ARP entries for each other. ADL Assertion (or API) Definition Language. A project for Automatic Interface Test Generation. Administrator In the context of Tivoli, a user who is authorized to perform some TME function. See also system administrator. Administrative Domain A collection of managed entities grouped for administrative reasons. ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation: A reduced bit rate variant of PCM audio encoding (see also PCM). This algorithm encodes the difference between an actual audio sample amplitude and a predicted amplitude and adapts the resolution based on recent differential values. ADT Abstract Data Type: a class of data structures described by means of a set of operations rather than by physical representation, such as a class in object-oriented programming.. ADTF ACR Decrease Time Factor: This is the time permitted between sending RM-cells before the rate is decreased to ICR (Initial Cell Rate). The ADTF range is .01 to 10.23 sec. with granularity of 10 ms. Advanced Development Environment (ADE) A toolkit for programmers to use in developing systems management applications in the TME. This requires knowledge of how the underlying object system works. Advance Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) A packet-switched network developed in the early 1970s. The "father" of today's Internet. ARPANET was decommissioned in June 1990. Advanced Technology Adapter (ATA) Another name for Integrated Disk Electronics (IDE). Aegis A CASE tool for project change management, part of the GNU software. AENOR Asociacion Espanola de Normalizacion y Certificacion. The Spanish standards organisation. AEP Application environment profile. AES Application environment specification: a set of specifications from OSF for programming and user interfaces, aimed at providing a consistent application environment on different hardware platforms. It includes O/S for the operating system (user commands and program interfaces), U/E for the User Environment (Motif), and N/S for Network services. AFI Authority and Format Identifier: This identifier is part of the network level address header. AFIPS American Federation of Information Processing Societies. AFNOR Association Francaise pour la Normalisation: the French national standards institute, a member of ISO. Aggregation Token A number assigned to an outside link by the border nodes at the ends of the outside link. The same number is associated with all uplinks and induced uplinks associated with the outside link. In the parent and all higher-level peer group, all uplinks with the same aggregation token are aggregated. Agent A piece of software running autonmously, usually helping a human being in pursuit of some knowledge-related goal. AGOCG Advisory Group on Computer Graphics. Advising UK Higher Education on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Multimedia. AGL Atelier de Genie Logiciel: French for IPSE. Agents In the client/server model, the part of the system that performs information preparation and exchange on behalf of a client or server application. AHFG ATM-attached Host Functional Group: The group of functions performed by an ATM-attached host that is participating in the MPOA service. AI Artificial Intelligence . Ai Signaling ID assigned by Exchange A. AIA Application Integration Architecture: DEC's "open standards" specifications. AICA Associazione Italiana di Calcolo Automatico. AIFF Audio IFF. A format developed by Apple for storing high-quality sampled sound and musical instrument info; also used by SGI and several professional audio packages. AIM ATM Inverse Multiplexer: A term discontinued because of conflict with an established product. Refer to AIMUX. AIMUX ATM Inverse Multiplexing: A device that allows multiple T1 or E1 communications facilities to be combined into a single broadband facility for the transmission of ATM cells. AIR Additive Increase Rate: An ABR service parameter, AIR controls the rate at which the cell transmission rate increases. It is signaled as AIRF, where AIRF = AIR*Nrm/PCR. AIRF Additive Increase Rate Factor: Refer to AIR. AIS Alarm Indication Signal: An all ones signal sent down or up stream by a device when it detects an error condition or receives an error condition or receives an error notification from another unit in the transmission path. AIS Advanced Informatics Support project for administrative work at CERN. AIX Advanced Interactive eXecutive: IBM's version of UNIX, taken as the basis for the OSF standard. Algol A high-level programming language developed in the 1950s . Algorithm A systematic procedure guaranteed to produce a result after a finite number of steps. Alias A pointer to one or more users or hosts, typically used for sending mail (in the case of users) or logging in remotely (in the case of hosts). See also group alias, host alias, individual alias. Alt key If your keyboard has an alt key, it is used as a shift key; it does nothing on its own. To use it, hold it down, press another key, and release it. To press alt-A, for example, hold the Alt key, press and release the A key, and release the Alt key.simple. Alternate Routing A mechanism that supports the use of a new path after an attempt to set up a connection along a previously selected path fails. Alvey A funding programme for collaborative research in the UK. AMADEUS A PC client for Hyper-G. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) The organization responsible for setting computer-related standards in the United States of America. American National Standards Institute (ASNI) A nonprofit organization responsible for the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code set, as well as numerous other voluntary standards. American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) The character set used by most American computers. Supersets of ASCII contain non-English characters. AMI Alternate Mark Inversion: A line coding format used on T1 facilities that transmits ones by alternate positive and negative pulses. Ami Applications of Metrics in Industry (Assess, Analyze, Metricate, Improve). A method for software project management and process improvement. Amoeba A distributed operating system developed by A.Tanenbaum and others at Amsterdam. AMS Andrew Message System. Analysis The part of the software development process concerned with defining the requirements for the product. Ancestor Node A logical group node that has a direct parent relationship to a given node (i.e., it is the parent of that node, or the parent's parent, ...). ANDF Architecture-Neutral Distribution Format: an emerging OSF standard for software distribution. Programs are compiled into ANDF before distribution, and executables are produced from it for the local target system. Andrew File System (AFS) A specific instance of a distributed file system (DFS), developed at Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU), allowing multiple file systems to be shared between organizations and treated, at the user interface level, as one giant file system. Andrew File System The distributed file system of the Andrew project, adopted by the OSF as part of their DCE. Andrew Message System A multimedia interface to electronic mail and bulletin boards, developed as part of the Andrew project Andrew Project A distributed system project for support of educational and research computing at Carnegie Mellon University. Andrew Toolkit A portable user interface toolkit developed as part of the Andrew project, running on the X Window System and distributed with X11R5. ANI Automatic Number Identification: A charge number parameter that is normally included in the Initial Address Message to the succeeding carrier for billing purposes. ANL Argonne National Laboratory, USA. ANM Answer Message: A BISUP call control message from the receiving exchange to the sending exchange indicating answer and that a through connection should be completed in both directions. Anna A specification language from Stanford University for formally specifying Ada programs. It has a Specification Analyzer and a Consistency Checking System. Annealing A technique which can be applied to any minimization or learning process based on successive update steps (either random or deterministic) where the update step length is proportional to an arbitrarily set parameter which can play the role of a temperature. Then, in analogy with the annealing of metals, the temperature is made high in the early stages of the process for faster minimization or learning, then is reduced for greater stability. Anonymous ftp Uses the ftp file transfer program and the internet to copy files from other computers to your own. It is anonymous because many computer systems allow anyone to log in and transfer files without having accounts(usernames) on the computer. You type anonymous as the user name and electronic-mail address as the password. ANSA Advanced Network Systems Architecture: an architecture for distributed computer systems based on a model developed as an Esprit project - . ANSI American National Standards Institute: A U.S. standards body. ANSI Z39.50 See Z39.50. ANSI/SPARC Architecture A layered model of database architecture comprising a physical schema, a conceptual schema, and user views. AnswerGarden A help desk software package from MIT. Anycast A one packet to one from a list of hosts; similar to a broadcast or multicast but the goal is to have exactly one response. See also broadcast, multicast, unicast. AOCE Apple Open Collaboration Environment. A set of software for e-mail, directory services etc. APA Application Portability Architecture: DEC's plan for portable applications software. apE A graphics package from the Ohio Supercomputer Centre . Apertos An object-oriented operating system from Sony Computer Science Laboratory. API Application Program Interface: API is a programmatic interface used for interprogram communications or for interfacing between protocol layers. API_connection Native ATM Application Program Interface Connection: API_connection is a relationship between an API_endpoint and other ATM devices that has the following characteristics: ? Data communication may occur between the API_endpoint and the other ATM devices comprising the API_connection ? Each API_connection may occur over a duration of time only once; the same set of communicating ATM devices may form a new connection after a prior connection is released ? The API_connection may be presently active (able to transfer data), or merely anticipated for the future APL A Programming Language developed by Iverson for mathematical applications. Apollo Apollo Computer, now a division of Hewlett-Packard, also the name of a range of workstations manufactured by this company. AppKit A set of objects used by the application builder for the NeXTstep environment. Apple Apple Computer Inc, manufacturers of the Macintosh range of Personal Computers. Appletalk The proprietary local area network protocol developed by Apple for their Macintosh range of processors. Current implementations exist on Localtalk and Ethertalk. AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP) Provides for the dynamic assignment of node identifiers to nodes within an AppleTalk network. Applet A small application, often downloaded from a remote server and run in a controlled environment. Typically written in a language such as Java for execution by a WWW browser. applet A Java program that is designed to be embedded in a Web page. APPLET The name given to a small binary file which is executed on your computer as part of a Web Page loading. Applets are created by JAVA. Applets should not be confused with pages which have JAVASCRIPT in them. Application A program that really gets some work done. Some programs just organize the computer, get its parts talking to each other, and do other housekeeping chores. Application programs do real-world work, like word processing or accounting. Application Layer The layer of the OSI model that interfaces with user mode applications by providing high-level network services based upon lower-level network layers. Network file systems like named pipes are an example of Application layer software. See Named Pipes, Open Systems Interconnection. Application Programmer Interface (API) A programming specification that allows an application programmer to interface to an application or suite of applications. Application Program Interface (API) A Set of routines that an application program uses to request and carry out lower-layer services performed by the operation system. Application Extension Facility (AEF) A tool kit for systems administrators to use in customizing a TME application to specific needs. This does not require any knowledge of how the underlying object system works. APPN Advanced Peer to Peer Network: IBM network architecture for building dynamic routing across arbitrary network topologies. Intended as an eventual replacement for SNA, IBM's static routed, hierarchical network architecture. APSE Ada Programming Support Environment. ARC (Previously ARCS) Advanced RISC Computing Specification: the standard hardware architecture of ACE., specifying the baseline hardware requirements to create ACE-compatible systems. Arcadia A software engineering research project by a consortium of US universities. Archie A program that helps Internet users find files. Participating Internet host computers download a listing of their files to Archive servers, which index these files. Users can then search this index and transfer these files using FTP. Archie functions as an archive utility, hence its name. Archie An archive server database and query system operated by the McGill University School of Computer Science. Services remote requests for information on software kept on archives worldwide and available via ftp. ARCHIVE (1) A term used to describe a server containing a large amount of publicily accessible software. (2) A term used to describe a file which contains one or more files that have been compressed and stored. ARCS see ARC. ARE All Routes Explorer: A specific frame initiated by a source which is sent on all possible routes in Source Route Bridging. Argument something that appears on the command line after the command.Suppose that you type this line. cp old.file new.file In this command, cp is the name of the command or program, old.file is the first argument, and new.file is the second argument. arguments A parameter that is passed to a function when it is called. Arguments are specified within parentheses in the function call. Arjuna A system for reliable distributed computing from the Computing Laboratory, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. It supports atomic transactions on persistent objects. ARL ASSET Reuse Library. ARL Association of Research Libraries (North America). ARP Address Resolution Protocol: The procedures and messages in a communications protocol which determines which physical network address (MAC) corresponds to the IP address in the packet. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) IP address to hardware address translation protocol. ARPANET U.S. Department of Defense (DARPA) wide area network. It became operational in 1968 and was the forerunner of the Internet. ARPANET ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECT AGENCY NETWORK array A set of variables that can be referred to with the same name and a number, called an index. Article The base component of USENET news; a group of text written and posted to a network news group. Artifex A CASE environment from ARTIS of Turin for the development of large event-driven distributed systems. It has code-generation and rapid prototyping features. Artificial Intelligence The subfield of computer science concerned with the concepts and methods of symbolic inference by computer, and the symbolic representation of the knowledge to be used in making inferences. ASCII AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE ASCII American Standard Code For Information Interchange. ASCII defines the codes the computer uses internally to store letters, numbers punctuation, and some control codes. Almost all Unix computers use ASCII(except some mainframes). ASDL Abstract-Type and Scheme-Definition Language: developed as part of Esprit project GRASPIN, as a basis for generating language-based editors and environments. It combines an object-oriented type system, syntax-directed translation schemes and a target-language interface. ASE Advanced Software Environment: an object-oriented application support system from Nixdorf. ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit: an integrated circuit designed to perform a particular function by defining the interconnection of a set of basic circuit building blocks drawn from a library provided by the circuit manufacturer. ASIS Ada Semantic Interface Specification. An interface between an Ada library and any tool requiring information in it. ASIS Application Software Installation Server at CERN. ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers: involved in CAD standardisation. ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation 1: an ISO/CCITT standard for the description of data. It is intended to facilitate the exchange of data between application programs. ASP ASP stands for Active Server Pages. This is another form of programming that is only available on servers that run NT for their Operating System. ASP Abstract Service Primitive: An implementation-independent description of an interaction between a service-user and a service-provider at a particular service boundary, as defined by Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). ASPECT An IPSE developed by an Alvey project, using Z to specify the object-management system and tool interface. Aspect Ratio The ratio of height to width. Typical aspect ratio for a monitor is 4:3 or 1.33. Ex.: 640 / 480 = 1.33. ASQ Automated Software Quality. The use of software tools, such as automated testing tools, to improve software quality. ASQC American Society for Quality Control. ASSET Asset Source for Software Engineering Technology. A programme to promote software reuse by the DoD. Assigned Cell Cell that provides a service to an upper layer entity or ATM Layer Management entity (ATMM-entity). Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) An asymmetric high-speed digital network connection, usually between a home or small business and a telecommunications vendor, providing an always-up direct connection to an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The upstream (from the user to the ISP) and downstream (from the ISP to the user) speeds are dissimilar, and usually the latter is faster than the former. See also Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL). Asynchronous Data Transmission A type of communication that sends data using flow control rather than a clock to Synchronize data between the source and destination. Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing A multiplexing technique in which a transmission capability is organized in a priori unassigned time slots. The time slots are assigned to cells upon request of each application's instantaneous real need. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) A standardized format for cell relay, with 53-byte cells including a five byte header and 48 bytes of data. Also, the layer in the protocol stack that translates the cells to the physical media. AT-commands: Set of protocols that allow mobile phones and modems to be controlled. AtFS Attributed File System: the basis of the Shape_VC toolkit. A status model controlling visibility of version objects, locking, and "long transactions" for synchronizing concurrent updates supports cooperative work within projects. The concept of object attributes provides a basis for storing management information with versions and passing this information between individual tools. This mechanism is useful for building integrated environments from a set of unrelated tools. Athena Project Athena: a distributed system project for support of educational and research computing at MIT. Much of the software developed is now in wider use, especially the X Window System. Atherton Atherton Technology developed the Software BackPlane CASE framework. Their Atherton Tool Integration Services were the basis for the ATIS standard. ATIS A Tools Integration Standard: an object-oriented interface to a set of services that allows the saving, accessing, and managing of information in a common repository. Developed by Atherton Technology and DEC, based on an extended version of the Software BackPlane, now proposed as an industry standard. ATK The Andrew Toolkit ATM Adobe Type Manager. ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode: A transfer mode in which the information is organized into cells. It is asynchronous in the sense that the recurrence of cells containing information from an individual user is not necessarily periodic. ATM Adaptation Layer The layer in the ATM protocols that represents layers four through seven in the OSI seven layer protocol stack. The protocol that turns packets into cells. ATM Address Defined in the UNI Specification as 3 formats, each having 20 bytes in length including country, area and end-system identifiers. ATM Forum A group of organizations responsible for determining the ATM standards and its progress within the industry. ATM Layer Link A section of an ATM Layer connection between two adjacent active ATM Layer entities (ATM-entities). ATM Link A virtual path link (VPL) or a virtual channel link (VCL). ATM Peer-to-Peer Connection A virtual channel connection (VCC) or a virtual path connection (VPC). ATM Traffic Descriptor A generic list of traffic parameters that can be used to capture the intrinsic traffic characteristics of a requested ATM connection. ATM User-User Connection An association established by the ATM Layer to support communication between two or more ATM service users (i.e., between two or more next higher entities or between two or more ATM-entities). The communications over an ATM Layer connection may be either bidirectional or unidirectional. The same Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) issued for both directions of a connection at an interface. ATS Abstract Test Suite: A set of abstract test cases for testing a particular protocol. An "executable" test suite may be derived from an abstract test suite. Attachment A file included as part of a MIME-compliant or NeXTMail message. An attachment can be sound, graphics, a document file (with text, formatting, and/or graphics), motion pictures, and so on. ATTACHMENT - An attachment is a file that accompanies an e-mail message. While a message is always comprised of text characters, an attachment can be any type of file. Attenuation The process of the reduction of the power of a signal as it passes through most media. Usually proportional to distance, attenuation is sometimes the factor that limits the distance a signal may be transmitted through a media before it can no longer be received. Audit trail A file or database that contains a list of changes made to a specific file. The information includes the name of the file, the date and time of the change, the person making the change, and the text of the change itself. AUIS Andrew user Interface System. Authentication Verification of the identity of a principal. Authoritative A DNS server with all the records for a given domain. (Note that the authorization may not have been granted or delegated to the DNS server.) Authority The group responsible for administering a DNS domain. Authorization Verification that a principal has sufficient privilege to perform some specific operation. AutoCAD A CAD software package for mechanical engineering marketed by AutoDesk Inc. Automatic Ring Down (ARD) A dedicated point-to-point voice facility between two offices of a trading facility. When the sender picks up the telephone handset, automatically ring the receiver's end for direct connections, without the need to dial. Autonomous System Internet TCP/IP terminology for a collection of gateway (routers) that fall under one administrative entity and cooperate using common Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP). AUTORESPONDER Not surprisingly, an Autoresponder automatically responds to anyone that sends mail to it. These are used for a few things, including vacation notices and easy dissemination of information. If you had a vacation autoresponder for instance, you could turn it on when you leave, and anyone that sends mail to your address while you're gone will get an immediate response stating that you are out of town. Businesses use Autoresponders for getting sale information, new product announcements, e-mail brochures and more out to interested customers. AVL Abstract Visualization Language in the Tecate project. AVS Application Visualisation System: a portable modular UNIX-based graphics package supported by a consortium of vendors including Convex, DEC, IBM, HP, SET Technologies, Stardent and WaveTracer - . AWK A pattern scanning and processing language named after its authors: Aho, Weinberger and Kernighan. aXe A text editor for the X-Window-System. B B A Formal method of program design. Bachman Proposed a style of Entity-Relationship modeling which differs from the original Chen proposals. back door A usually hidden or secret means for an external user to break into your host, network, application, or data. See also virus backup A copy of disk files stored on tape or on another physical disk to prevent permanent data loss. The act of copying disk files to tape or other distinct physical media to prevent permanent data loss. Backup Domain Controller (BDC) The server that contains a backup copy of the account database from the Primary Domain Controller (PDC). Used for authentication purposes. background Unix can run many programs at the same time. If a program runs behind the scenes, with no interaction with you, it runs in the background. Back-propagation An important algorithm for learning in feed-forward networks which makes use of a mathematical trick when the network is simulated on a digital computer, yielding in just two traversals of the network (once forward, and once back) both the difference between the desired and actual output, and the derivatives of this difference with respect to the connection weights. backslash(\). Unix uses a backslash to set off otherwise special characters. In the UNIX shell for example, \* is a literal asterisk (a plain * matches every file in the current directory); \\ is an actual backslash, if you want one for some reason. DOS users tend to type backslashes by mistake when Unix would rather see a regular slash(/). backup A spare copy of your data to keep on the shelf just in case. If you(or a co-worker)delete a file by mistake or if parts of your computer break, you will be inexpressibly happy and smug if you have recently made a backup copy of your important files. Copying files back from your backup is called restoring. Backus Naur A formal language for syntax specification. Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) A bit in the Frame Relay header that is set when the network router detects congestion from the source direction (or "backward," from the packet's point of view). See also Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) Bamboo A trusted third-party authentication system from the University of Iowa, similar to Kerberos BANDWIDTH Usually measured in bits-per-second, it is the amount of stuff you can send through a connection. A full page of English text is about 16,000 bits. A fast modem can move about 15,000 bits in one second. Full-motion full-screen video would require roughly 10,000,000 bits per second, depending on compression. Internet Servers are connected to the Internet backbone on a high-speed data link usually on a T-3, T-1 or an ISDN speed links. A T-3 link can transfer 44.736 M-bits/sec, T-1 can handle 1.5 M bits/sec, while ISDN can only transmit information at a rate of 128 K bits per second. Pugmarks' Servers are linked on high speed T-3 multiple gateway links capable of handling over 10 million hits per day. Bandwidth This is a qualitative term used to describe the monitor's Video amplifier potential performance. The higher the pixel rate (or format number), the higher the Bandwidth required of the Video Amplifier. Bandwidth In network communication, the amount of data that can be sent across a wire in a given time. Each communication that passes along the wire decreases the amount of available bandwidth. bang(!) In Unix-ese, an exclamation point.The C shell command !!, which repeats the last command, for example, is pronounced "Bang!Bang!" Try this with your children they will love it. Barrel An outward bowing of the picture. Baseband Part of the Bluetooth Protocol stack, enabling the physical radio frequency link between Bluetooth units on a piconet. Baseline See Released version BASIC Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code: a programming language, usually interpreted, suitable for simple applications. Basic Object Adapter (BOA) Invokes the performance of a request and returns any results to the client. Also called simply adapter. Batch Program An ASCII file that contains one or more Windows NT commands. A batch program's filename typically has a .bat or .cmd extension. When you type the filename at the command prompt, the commands are processed sequentially. BAUD BAUD - A term used to refer to the transmission speed of a modem. The higher the value, the faster the modem. The value is usually measured in Bits Per Second. BBC Broadband Bearer Capability: A bearer class field that is part of the initial address message. BBN Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.,of Cambridge, Massachusetts, was awarded the original contract to build the ARPANET and has been extensively involved in Internet development. It is responsible for managing NNSC, CSNET, and NEARnet. BCC BCC - "bcc" is an abbreviation for "blind carbon copy," a feature offered by many e-mail programs. When you send a someone a blind carbon copy of a message, his or her name does not appear among the recipients listed in the message's header. As a result, you can send someone a copy of a message without letting its other recipients see that you've done so. To send someone a blind carbon copy, enter his or her address in your e-mail program's bcc: field. BCD Binary Coded Decimal: A form of coding of each octet within a cell where each bit has one of two allowable states, 1 or 0. B-channel The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) channel that carries voice and user data. BCOB Broadband Connection Oriented Bearer: Information in the SETUP message that indicates the type of service requested by the calling user. BCOB-A Bearer Class A: Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for connection-oriented, constant bit rate service. The network may perform internetworking based on AAL information element (IE). BCOB-C Bearer Class C: Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for connection-oriented, variable bit rate service. The network may perform internetworking based on AAL information element (IE). BCOB-X Bearer Class X: Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for ATM transport service where AAL, traffic type and timing requirements are transparent to the network. BCS Binary Compatibility Standard: the ABI of 88open BCS British Computer Society. BDC See Backup Domain Controller (BDC) BEA Basic programming Environment for interactive-graphical Applications, from Siemens-Nixdorf. bearer channel See B-channel BECN See Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) BECN Backward Explicit Congestion Notification: A Resource Management (RM) cell type generated by the network or the destination, indicating congestion or approaching congestion for traffic flowing in the direction opposite that of the BECN cell. Bedrock A C++ class library for Macintosh user interface portability. Benchmark A standard set of programs which can be run on different platforms to compare performance. Bento A multi-vendor initiative allowing files to contain typed parts, to allow standard access between parts of a compound document independent of the file system. BER Bit Error Rate: A measure of transmission quality. It is generally shown as a negative exponent, (e.g., 10-7 which means 1 out of 107 bits are in error or 1 out of 10,000,000 bits are in error). Berkeley Internet Name Daemon (BIND) An implementation of the DNS protocol. Internet name service software, originally written at the University of California at Berkeley and now maintained by the Internet Software Consortium. Distribution includes /usr/sbin/named and sample configuration files. Berkeley UNIX see BSD. BETA An object-oriented language and associated programming environment from Mjolner Informatics, Aarhus BGP See Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). BHLI Broadband High Layer Information: This is a Q.2931 information element that identifies an application (or session layer protocol of an application). BHT Budget Holder's Toolkit (at CERN ) Bi Signaling ID assigned by Exchange B. B-ICI B-ISDN Inter-Carrier Interface: An ATM Forum defined specification for the interface between public ATM networks to support user services across multiple public carriers. B-ICI SAAL B-ICI Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer: A signaling layer that permits the transfer of connection control signaling and ensures reliable delivery of the protocol message. The SAAL is divided into a Service Specific part and a Common part (AAL5). big six The top level domains (TLD other than .int. bin A directory that contains programs. Your home directory probably has a subdirectory named bin. The system has directories called /bin and /usr/bin. Binary The numbering systems used in computers memory and in digital communication. All characters are represented as a series of 1s and 0s. For example, the letter A might be represented as 01000001. BIND See Berkeley Internet Name Daemon (BIND) Binding A process that establishes the initial communication channel between the protocol driver and the network adapter card driver. binding A logical connection between a client process and a server process. BIP Bit Interleaved Parity: A method used at the PHY layer to monitor the error performance of the link. A check bit or word is sent in the link overhead covering the previous block or frame. Bit errors in the payload will be detected and may be reported as maintenance information. BIS Border Intermediate System. B-ISDN Broadband ISDN: A high-speed network standard (above 1.544 Mbps) that evolved Narrowband ISDN with existing and new services with voice, data and video in the same network. BISUP Broadband ISDN User's Part: A SS7 protocol which defines the signaling messages to control connections and services. bit A tiny piece of information that can be either a 1 or 0. Bits tend to get lumped onto groups of 8 bits called bytes. BITNET An academic and research network connecting approximately 2500 computers, often IBM mainframes. It provides interactive electronic mail, and file transfer services via a store-and-forward technique based on IBM NJE protocols. BITNET and Internet traffic are exchanged via several gateway hosts. It is now operated by CREN. Bits In binary data, each unit of data is a bit. Each bit is represented by either 0 or 1, and is stored in memory as an ON or OFF state. B-LLI Broadband Low Layer Information: This is a Q.2931 information element that identifies a layer 2 and a layer 3 protocol used by the application. block A unit of disk space containing one or more frags. See frag . Bluetooth SIG: Bluetooth Special Interest Group. Founded in May 1998 by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba, the Bluetooth SIG is a forum for the development, promotion and enhancement of Bluetooth technology. The Bluetooth SIG, now led by the Promoter Group (composed of the founding members plus Lucent, Motorola, Microsoft and 3Com) now has some 2000 adopter members. BMP Bitmap format (for Windows ) BN Bridge Number: A locally administered bridge ID used in Source Route Bridging to uniquely identify a route between two LANs. BN BECN Cell: A Resource Management (RM) cell type indicator. A Backwards Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) RM-cell may be generated by the network or the destination. To do so, BN=1 is set, to indicate the cell is not source-generated, and DIR=1 to indicate the backward flow. Source generated RM-cells are initialized with BN=0. BNF Backus-Naur Form. BOA See Basic Object Adapter (BOA) . BOCS Berard Object and Class Specifier, an Object-oriented CASE tool from Berard Software Engineering. Boehm B. Proposed the COCOMO technique for evaluating the cost of a software project. BOM Beginning of Message: An indicator contained in the first cell of an ATM segmented packet. BOOTP See Boot Protocol (BOOTP) Boot Protocol (BOOTP) The protocol that defines how a diskless workstation obtains its network address from another host. NeXT workstations also use BOOTP when booted to determine their NetInfo information. Defined in RFC 951 and extended by RFC 2132. See also Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). BoM Bill of Materials. BON Better Object Notation. Used in the Esprit Business Classes project Bookreader DEC's CD-ROM-based online documentation browser. Bookviewer A hypertext documentation system from Oracle based on Oracle Toolkit. It allows the user to create private links and bookmarks, and to make multimedia annotations. Boolean A type of variable that can store only two values: true and false. Boot Partition The volume, formatted for either an NTFS, FAT, of HPFS file system, that contains the Windows NT operating system's files. Windows NT automatically creates the correct configuration and checks this information whenever you start your system. BOOM Berard Object-Oriented Methodology - . Border Node A logical node that is in a specified peer group, and has at least one link that crosses the peer group boundary. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) A protocol, defined in RFC 1163 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1163.txt and later refined in RFC 1771 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1771.txt, that allows the exchange of packets between networks, such as a company intranet and the Internet. BOS A data management system written at DESY and used in some HEP programs. Bourne Shell The Bourne shell is the most widely used Unix shell.It prompts you with $.Its program name is sh. Bourne shell A common UNIX shell BPDU Bridge Protocol Data Unit: A message type used by bridges to exchange management and control information. BPM Business Process Modelling. BPP Bridge Port Pair (Source Routing Descriptor): Frame header information identifying a bridge/LAN pair of a Source route segment. BPR Business Process Reengineering. break Key The Break Key is used before you log in when you are dialing on a modem to tell Unix that it has guessed wrong about which kind of modem you're using.You may have to press Break two or three times until you get a proper login: message. Some keyboards have a key labeled break. If yours does'nt and you're using a PC with a modem program, try Alt-B or check your modem program's help screen. Bridge A device that connects two segments of a network and data to one of the other based on a set of criteria. bridge Networking hardware that connects two network segments into one logical segment. bridge Networking hardware that connects two network segments into one logical segment. Brightness Light output measured at the face plate of the CRT; typically measured in foot lamberts (Fl). A minimum brightness level of 20Fl when viewing at full page size is considered acceptable. Broadband A service or system requiring transmission channels capable of supporting rates greater than the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) primary rate. Broadband Access An ISDN access capable of supporting one or more broadband services. Broadcast Data transmission to all addresses or functions. broadcast One host broadcasts when it wants every machine (typically on a LAN) to receive the packet or information. See also anycast, multicast , unicast . Browser A tool for navigating around hypertext documents. Browser In order to be able to access the Web, you first need to be able to access the internet. You then need software which will let you look at all of the information available on the Web. This is often referred to as browsing and the software that lets you do this is called a browser. In the Math Department, the currently preferred browser on the UNIX machines and Macs is called Netscape, version 2.0. Browser A computer on a Microsoft network that maintains a list of computers and services available on the network Browsing The process of requesting the list of computers and services on a network from a browser. BSD Berkeley Source Distribution: the versions of UNIX developed and distributed by the University of California at Berkeley. Many commercial UNIX implementations such as SunOS and Dynix are derived from it. BSD Unix A version of Unix developed and distributed by the University Of California at Berkeley. BSD stands for Berkely Software Distribution. BSI British Standards Institution: a member of ISO. BSP method A CASE method from IBM . BT Burst Tolerance: BT applies to ATM connections supporting VBR services and is the limit parameter of the GCRA. Btag Beginning Tag: A one octet field of the CPCS_PDU used in conjunction with the Etag octet to form an association between the beginning of message and end of message. B-TE Broadband Terminal Equipment: An equipment category for B-ISDN which includes terminal adapters and terminals. buffer A small storage area in which information is stored temporarily until it is needed. Lots of things have buffers; printers frequently have buffers to store the next few lines or pages to print; emacs(a text editor)refers to its copies of the files you are editing as buffers. Buffers A reserved portion of memory in which data is temporarily held pending an opportunity to complete its transfer or from a storage device or another location in memory. BUS Broadcast and Unknown Server: This server handles data sent by an LE Client to the broadcast MAC address ('FFFFFFFFFFFF'), all multicast traffic, and initial unicast frames which are sent by a LAN Emulation Client. BW Bandwidth: A numerical measurement of throughput of a system or network. Byte A data unit of several bits smaller than a computer word: usually 8 bits. byte Eight bits in a row. That is a series of eight pieces of information, each of which can be either 1 or 0. A little higher math tells you that there are 256 different combinations of eight 1s and 0s.(256 is 2 to the 8th power.)There are therefore 256 different values for a byte of information. Most computers use a system of codes called ASCII to determine what each pattern means. The combination 01000001 means A, 01000010 means B, and 00001010 means "end of the line, start a new one." C C++ An extension to the language developed primarily by B.Stroustrup at AT&T Bell Laboratories: it supports object-oriented programming among other enhancements C - A programming language used to code server based applications. C A language developed in conjunction with the UNIX operating system at AT&T Bell Laboratories by D.Ritchie and now an ANSI standard. It has grown popular due to its simplicity, efficiency, and flexibility. C programs are often easily adapted to new environments. C A programming language invented at the same time as Unix, and in which nearly all Unix programs are written. C is a great programming language for a lots of reasons. C programs look a lot like random punctuation strewn across the page. Luckily, you do not have to know or use C to use Unix, so we don't talk about it anywhere else. c shell A common UNIX shell originating on Berkeley UNIX. C Shell The C shell is a Unix shell written to look like the C programming language, sort of. It prompts you with %. Its program name is csh. Cache A small fast memory holding recently-accessed data, designed to speed up further access. CACI A company marketing SIMSCRIPT, and other simulation software products. CACM Communications of the ACM. CAC Connection Admission Control: Connection Admission Control is defined as the set of actions taken by the network during the call set- up phase (or during call re-negotiation phase) in order to determine whether a connection request can be accepted or should be rejected (or whether a request for re-allocation can be accommodated). CAD/CAM Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing (see CAD) CAD Computer Aided Design: usually applied to that part of CAE which has to do with the drawing or physical layout steps of engineering design. CADD Computer Aided Detector Design: a project to develop standards and methods to allow cooperation between HEP detector designers working in different institutes CADRE A software engineering vendor in the US. CAE Common Applications Environment of X/Open , based on POSIX and C CAE Computer Aided Engineering: a technique for using computers to help with all phases of engineering design work. As CAD , but also involving the conceptual and analytical design steps. CAI Computer Aided Instruction. CAIS-A Common APSE Interface Set: DoD-STD-1838A. CAIS Common APSE Interface Specification. CAiSE Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering. CAJUN CD-ROM Acrobat Journals Using Networks. A project at Nottigham University Call A call is an association between two or more users or between a user and a network entity that is established by the use of network capabilities. This association may have zero or more connections. callback A process for invoking a method or a desktop command , or for using the gadget library in an application; the means by which dialogs and gadgets respond to user input. For example, when an administrator makes a selection with the mouse, some action is initiated from the user interface to an underlying object representing some system resource or component; that is, the user interface "calls back" to the object to invoke some method or series of methods. call data record (CDR) Information logged by the private branch exchange (PBX) that tracks who made or received calls from whom, the duration of the call, and other information. CDR is used to bill back telecommunications charges to the appropriate parties. CALS Computer-Aided Acquisition and Logistics Support: a DoD standard for electronic exchange of data with commercial suppliers CAMEL: Customized Application for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic is a feature of GSM that allows users to roam between networks. CAMEL is a standard that is now starting to be deployed. Caml A functional programming language in the style of ML CApH Conventions for the Application of HyTime. An activity of the GCA CAQ Computer Aided Quality. CARDS Central Archive for Reusable Defense Software of the DoD. Carrier Sense, Multiple Access with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) Different devices on a network may try to communicate at any one time, so access methods need to be established. Using the CSMA/CDcd access method, a device first checks that the cable is free from other carriers and then transmits, while continuing to monitor the presence of another carrier. If a collision is detected, the device stops transmitting and tries later. In a CSMA network with collision detection, all stations have the ability to sense traffic on the network. Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU) The source of a number of widely used computer programs. Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Multiple machines sharing a network and talking at the same time cause collisions. When the collisions are detected, both machines stop sending, wait a random amount of time, and then try to transmit again. CAS See Channel Associated Signalling (CAS) CAS Channel Associated Signaling: A form of circuit state signaling in which the circuit state is indicated by one or more bits of signaling status sent repetitively and associated with that specific circuit. cascaded operation An operation in which the first object, originally acting as a server for a client, now becomes a client of a second object on a remote machine, and so on. CASE*Method An analysis and design method from Oracle, targeted at information management applications. CASE framework A set of products and conventions that allow CASE tools to be integrated into a coherent environment. CASE tools Software tools to help in the application of CASE methods to a software project. CASE Computer Aided Software Engineering: a technique for using computers to help with the systematic analysis, design, implementation and maintenance of software. Adopting the CASE approach to building and maintaining systems involves software tools and training for the developers who will use them CASSAM Computer Aided Software Support and Maintenance. CAST Computer Aided Software Testing. CATE Computer Aided Test Engineering: CASE methods applied to electronics testing and linked to CAE CAUSE An international (mainly North American) nonprofit association for managing and using information technology in higher education - . gopher://cause-gopher.colorado.edu/ cb C Beautifier C Beautifier A tool for tidying the syntax of source code. CBDS Connectionless Broadband Data Service: A connectionless service similar to Bellcore's SMDS defined by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). CBR Constant Bit Rate: An ATM service category which supports a constant or guaranteed rate to transport services such as video or voice as well as circuit emulation which requires rigorous timing control and performance parameters. CBT Computer-Based Training. CC - "cc" is an abbreviation of "carbon copy," in reference to the traditional means of sending a secondary copy of a letter to an additional recipient through the use of carbon paper. Your e-mail program allowS you to send copies of a message to secondary recipients by entering their addresses in a cc: field. CCI Common Client Interface for Mosaic CCITT A committee of the ITU responsible for making technical recommendations about telephone and data communication systems for PTTs and suppliers. Plenary sessions are held every four years to adopt new standards. CCITT See International Telecommunications Union (ITU). CCL Common Command Language. A standard for bibliographic information retrieval systems. CCMS See Change and Configuration Management Service (CCMS). CC/PP Composite Capability/Preferences Profiles is a set of CPIs. CCQ Client Capabilities Query. CCR Current Cell Rate: The Current Cell Rate is an RM-cell field set by the source to its current ACR when it generates a forward RM-cell. This field may be used to facilitate the calculation of ER, and may not be changed by network elements. CCR is formatted as a rate. CCS Common Channel Signaling: A form signaling in which a group of circuits share a signaling channel. Refer to SS7. CCS See Common Channel Signalling (CCS) . CCS Common Communication Services: the standard program interface to networks in SAA . CDA Compound Document Architecture: DEC's set of standards for compound document creation, storage, retrieval, interchange and manipulation. CDC Control Data Corporation CDDI See Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) CDD/Plus DEC's CASE repository CDE C Development environment from IDE CDE Common Desktop Environment. A Desktop manager from COSE CDE See Common Desktop Environment (CDE) CDF Common Data Format. A library and toolkit for multi-dimensional data sets CDF Cutoff Decrease Factor: CDF controls the decrease in ACR (Allowed Cell Rate) associated with CRM. CDIF CASE Data Interchange Format: an emerging standard.for interchange of data between CASE tools CDM Content Data Model. An SGML -based DoD specification for interactive manuals. CDP: Cellular Digital Packet data. CDR See call data record (CDR) CD-ROM A computer disk that looks just like a music CD but contains data rather than music. CD-ROM Compact Disk-Read Only Memory: Used by a computer to store large amounts of data. Commonly used for interactive video games. CDV Cell Delay Variation: CDV is a component of cell transfer delay, induced by buffering and cell scheduling. Peak-to-peak CDV is a QoS delay parameter associated with CBR and VBR services. The peak-to- peak CDV is the ((1-a) quantile of the CTD) minus the fixed CTD that could be experienced by any delivered cell on a connection during the entire connection holding time. The parameter "a" is the probability of a cell arriving late. See CDVT. CDVT Cell Delay Variation Tolerance-ATM layer functions may alter the traffic characteristics of ATM connections by introducing Cell Delay Variation. When cells from two or more ATM connections are multiplexed, cells of a given ATM connection may be delayed while cells of another ATM connection are being inserted at the output of the multiplexer. Similarly, some cells may be delayed while physical layer overhead or OAM cells are inserted. Consequently, some ran domness may affect the inter-arrival time between consecutive cells of a connection as monitored at the UNI. The upper bound on the "clumping" measure is the CDVT. CE Connection Endpoint: A terminator at one end of a layer connection within a SAP. CE Concurrent Engineering. CEBAF Continuous Electron Beam Facility in Newport News, VA USA - . Cecil An object-oriented language from Washington University intended to support rapid construction of high-quality, extensible software - . CEI Connection Endpoint Identifier: Identifier of a CE that can be used to identify the connection at a SAP. Cell A unit of transmission in ATM. A fixed-size frame consisting of a 5-octet header and a 48-octet payload. cell A 53-byte chunk of data with embedded routing information. The first five bytes are header and the last 48 bytes are the payload or data. Cell Broadcast: Technology designed for the simultaneous delivery of short messages to multiple mobile users within a specified region. This is one to many version of SMS. Cell Header ATM Layer protocol control information. Cells in Frames Cells In Frames is a protocol established by the CIF Alliance which specifies how to transport ATM protocol over Ethernet, Token Ring and other frame protocols. CIF uses software at the workstation instead of a new hardware Network Interface Card to do QOS scheduling and ABR flow control. cell loss priority (CLP) A two-bit field in the ATM header that defines the priority of the cell, for congestion avoidance and data loss routines. cell relay See Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) . CEN Conseil Europeen pour la Normalisation: a body coordinating standardisation activities in the EEC and EFTA. countries. CENELEC CEN -electricite. central processing unit (CPU) That part of the computer that performs the actual processing; the machine instruction executor. Also used to refer to the unit of the computer that contains the CPU chip (such as the workstation base in a NeXT slab); that part of the computer apart from the monitor and keyboard and mouse. central processing unit The heart of the computer, the part that does the thinking (such as it is). These days, in all but the largest computers, the CPU is contained entirely on a little, black chip the size of your thumb and that costs maybe $200. CPU chips are named by using numbers, like 68040 and 80486, by using acronyms, like SPARC, or made up names, like Pentium. CER Cell Error Ratio: The ratio of errored cells in a transmission in relation to the total cells sent in a transmission. The measurement is taken over a time interval and is desirable to be measured on an in-service circuit. CERA Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications. An international journal CERC Concurrent Engineering Research Center, West Virginia University CERN The European Laboratory for Particle Physics. CERNLIB The CERN Program Library CERT Computer Emergency Response Team. Now CERT Coordination Center, works with the Internet community on security problems. CERT See Computer Emergency Response team (CERT) CES Circuit Emulation Service: The ATM Forum circuit emulation service interoperability specification specifies interoperability agreements for supporting Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic over ATM networks that comply with the other ATM Forum interoperability agreements. Specifically, this specification supports emulation of existing TDM circuits over ATM networks. CFI CAD Framework Initiative. A consortium working on interface standards for integrating CAD tools and data. CFOOT Corporate Facilitators of Object-Oriented Technology. CGI CGI stands for Common Gateway Interface. CGI allows HTML pages to interact with programming applications. CGI - Common Gateway Interface. This is a programming standard which defines how a Web Page can interact with a user, i.e. fill out a form. Typically CGI applications are written in either PERL or C, both are computer languages of varying complexity. CGI applications run on the server, not on the visiting client. CGI See Common Gateway Interface (CGI). CGI Acronym for Common Gateway Interface. This is a program specification used to write scripts for use with a server. CGI Common Gateway Interface. A standard for running external programs under a WWW or similar information server. CGI A (French) software engineering vendor in the US. CGM Computer Graphics Metafile: a standard file format for storage and communication of graphical information, widely used on personal computers and accepted by desktop publishing systems. (ANSI/ISO) Change and Configuration Management Service (CCMS) Management by subscription. Allows applications to create abstract, architecture- and platform-independent profiles that describe configuration settings for the resources and services they manage. Channel Associated Signalling (CAS) Signalling bits are transmitted in-band, along with the digitized voice itself. Change Management A consistent set of techniques that aid in evolution, composition and policy management of the design and implementation of an object or system. Character matrix The total number of Horizontal and Vertical spaces required per character. Character matrix The total number of Horizontal and Vertical spaces required per character. Charm A portable object-oriented parallel programming system from University of Illinois Chen Peter Chen developed the Entity-Relationship model. Checksum A number that is calculated based on the values if a block of data. Checksums are used in communication to ensure that the correct data was received. checksum A number computed by glomming together all the characters from an entire file in a special mathematical way. If you are afraid that a file is going to change, perhaps getting messed up by being transmitted across noisy lines, you can calculate a checksum before and after transmitting it. If you get the same checksum, the file probably did'nt change. CHEOPS A satellite-based batch data dissemination project between CERN and member state institutes. Child Node A node at the next lower level of the hierarchy which is contained in the peer group represented by the logical group node currently referenced. This could be a logical group node, or a physical node. Child Peer Group A child peer group of a peer group is any one containing a child node of a logical group node in that peer group. A child peer group of a logical group node is the one containing the child node of that logical group node. Child version A version of a version. See change management . CHILL CCITT High-Level Language. A real-time language used in telecommunications. Choices An object-oriented operating system from University of Illinois Chorus A distributed operating system developed at INRIA CI Congestion Indicator: This is a field in a RM-cell, and is used to cause the source to decrease its ACR. The source sets CI=0 when it sends an RM-cell. Setting CI=1 is typically how destinations indicate that EFCI has been received on a previous data cell. CIAC - Computer Incident Advisory Center. A US Government sponsored group charged with diseminating information concerning computer security and viruses to other government agencies and the public. A working group of the US Department of Energy. CIAC Computer Incident Advisory Capability of the US DoE CIC Committee on Institutional Cooperation. An academic consortium of American Universities CICERO Control Information system Concepts based on Encapsulated Real-time Objects. A CERN DRDC proposal. CICS See Customer Information Control System (CICS) CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing (on the Internet CIDR See Classless Internet Domain Routing (CIDR) CIE Coordinates The CIE Coordinates for any color are obtained from a CIE Color Chart. CIFS See Common Internet File System (CIFS). CIL Component Integration Laboratories. An effort to create a common framework for interoperability between applications on desktop platforms, formed by Apple, IBM, Novell, Oracle, Taligent, WordPerfect, and Xerox CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturing. CIP Common Indexing Protocol. For use by directory services when passing indexing information: under study by an IETF working group. CIP Carrier Identification Parameter: A 3 or 4 digit code in the initial address message identifying the carrier to be used for the connection. CIR Committed Information Rate: CIR is the information transfer rate which a network offering Frame Relay Services (FRS) is committed to transfer under normal conditions. The rate is averaged over a minimum increment of time. Circuit Switching A type of communication system that established a connection, or circuit, between the two devices before communicating and does not discount until all data is sent. CIS Case Integration Services: a committee formed to discuss CASE tool integration standards related to ATIS. CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer. CISI A French software house. CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer. A type of CPU(central processing unit)chip. Pronounced "kisk". The other kind of CPU is RISC. You don't care. CISM See Change Integration and Software Management (CISM). CIX Commercial Internet eXchange. A non-profit trade association of Public Data Internetwork service providers CL Connectionless Service: A service which allows the transfer of information among service subscribers without the need for end-to- end establishment procedures. CL See Common Lisp Common-Lisp. Class A language developed by the Andrew Project Andrew-Project: one of the first attempts to add object-oriented object-oriented features to C. Class The prototype for an object in an object-oriented object-oriented language; analogous to a derived type in a procedural language. Class library A library of reusable classes Classfor use with an object-oriented object-oriented programming system Class-Relation Method A design technique based on the concepts of object-oriented object-oriented programming and the Entity-Relationship Entity-Relationshipmodel from the French company Softeam. Classless Internet Domain Routing (CIDR) A protocol (defined in RFC 1467 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1467.txt) that allows for variable-length addresses that allows for more- and less-specific routing information. This replaces the old class A, class B, class C routing scheme. clean The file system /f is guaranteed to have a static, stable structure. Only unmounted filesystems or read-only file systems are clean by definition. Cleanroom A software development approach aimed at producing software with the minimum number of errors - . CLHEP A C++ C++ class library Class-library for high energy physics applications CLI See command line interface (CLI). CLIENT - There are multiple meanings for this word in computer technology, however in the context being presented here, a client typically refers to a computer which is temporarily connected to the Internet via a modem connection. Client Any device that attaches to the network server. A workstation is the most common type of client. Clients run client software to provide network access. A piece of software which accesses data on a server can also be called a client. client The requestor of a service as provided by a server /s. For example, a "TME /t client" is a managed node; xterm is an X Window System client. Client A system or process that requests a service from another system or process. client In the X window system and its relatives, Motif and OPEN LOOK, a program that does real work, as opposed to a program that displays the results on-screen. client/server model The structure by which services are implemented. A client process on one host makes a request that a server process (which may or may not be on another host) fulfills. client stub An ORB /o interface that provides for the collection, transmission, marshaling and unmarshaling CLIENT - There are multiple meanings for this word in computer technology, however in the context being presented here, a client typically refers to a computer which is temporarily connected to the Internet via a modem connection. Client Any device that attaches to the network server. A workstation is the most common type of client. Clients run client software to provide network access. A piece of software which accesses data on a server can also be called a client. of data. clicking "Clicking With A Mouse" means moving the mouse until the cursor is on the thing you want to select and then pressing and releasing the mouse button. If your mouse has several buttons, use the leftmost button unless instructed otherwise. click-to-type A system GUIs use to control which window you are working in. When you want to move to a different window, move the mouse and click in the new window to tell the GUI you want to use that window. It's a pain in the neck, actually. clone Copy. A clone NetInfo server is an exact copy of a master NetInfo server in the same subdomain. See domain (2) /d, NetInfo /n. CLOS Common Lisp Object System: an object-oriented object-oriented language derived from Common Lisp Common-Lisp - . /CLOS CLP Constraint Logic Programming. CLP Cell Loss Priority: This bit in the ATM cell header indicates two levels of priority for ATM cells. CLP=0 cells are higher priority than CLP=1 cells. CLP=1 cells may be discarded during periods of congestion to preserve the CLR of CLP=0 cells. CLR Cell Loss Ratio: CLR is a negotiated QoS parameter and acceptable values are network specific. The objective is to minimize CLR provided the end-system adapts the traffic to the changing ATM layer transfer characteristics. The Cell Loss Ratio is defined for a connection as: Lost Cells/Total Transmitted Cells. The CLR parameter is the value of CLR that the network agrees to offer as an objective over the lifetime of the connection. It is expressed as an order of magnitude, having a range of 10-1 to 10-15 and unspecified. CLU An object-oriented object-oriented programming language developed at MIT MIT by Liskov et al. CLX The Common Lisp interface to the X Window System X-Window-System, equivalent to Xlib Xlib. CM Configuration Management. CMA Concert Multithread Architecture from DEC . CMDA: Code Division Multiple Access is a technology that enables multiple uses to access a single radio frequency channel through the allocation of a unique code sequence. CMIP Common Management Interface Protocol: An ITU-TSS standard for the message formats and procedures used to exchange management information in order to operate, administer maintain and provision a network. CML Chemical Markup Language. A means for interchanging chemical information, based on SGML SGML CMM Capability Maturity Model for software development organisations, from SEI SEI CMR Cell Misinsertion Rate: The ratio of cells received at an endpoint that were not originally transmitted by the source end in relation to the total number of cells properly transmitted. CMS A code management code-managementsystem from DEC. CMU See Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU) /. CMVC Configuration Management Version Control from IBM. CMZ A portable interactive code management code-managementsystem from CodeME S.A.R.L in use in the high-energy physics community. CNAME record See DNS record types, CNAME record /d. CNET Centre national d'Etudes des Telecommunications: the French national telecommunications research centre at Lannion. CNI Coalition for Networked Information. Promotes the creation of and access to information resources in networked environments in order to enrich scholarship and enhance intellectual productivity - CNR Complex Node Representation: A collection of nodal state parameters that provide detailed state information associated with a logical node. CNRI Corporation for National Research Initiatives, Reston, VA. A US research and development organisation in information processing technology - . /Internet Coaxial Cable One of the types of cable used in network wiring. Typical coax types include RG-58 and RG-62. The 10base2 system of Ethernet networking uses coaxial cable. Coaxial cable is usually shielded. The Thicknet system uses a thicker coaxial cable. COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language: an early and widely-used programming language for business applications. COCOMO Constructive Cost Model: a method for evaluating the cost of a software package proposed by B.Boehm, "Software Engineering Economics" Prentice-Hall 1987 - . /COCOMO COD Connection Oriented Data: Data requiring sequential delivery of its component PDUs to assure correct functioning of its supported application, (e.g., voice or video). CODA An object-oriented object-oriented data-acquisition system at CEBAF - Codd's First Normal Form see Normal Form Normal-Form. Code Management A source code management system helps program developers keep track of version history, releases, parallel versions etc. There are several in popular use - . /code-management.txt CodeCenter A proprietary software development environment for C programs, offering an integrated toolkit for developing, testing, debugging and maintainance (formerly Saber-C) Cognitech A French software house specialising in Artificial Intelligence. COHESION DEC's CASE CASE environment. Collage A synchronous collaborative data analysis tool for use over the Internet Internet, from NCSA NCSA - . /Collage collection A group of objects, with or without any particular relationships other than belonging to a named group. collision When two interfaces on the same physical network transmit at the same time, the packets interfere with each other. This collision causes data loss so the interfaces have to retransmit the data. Color Balance The ability of the monitor to show and maintain the same color when switching or varying the intensity of the screen. COM Common Object Model. An open architecture from DEC and Microsoft, allowing interoperation between ObjectBroker ObjectBroker and OLE OLE - . /COM COM Continuation of Message: An indicator used by the ATM Adaptation Layer to indicate that a particular ATM cell is a continuation of a higher layer information packet which has been segmented. COMIS a COMpilation and Interpretation System. A FORTRAN FORTRANinterpreter use by the PAW PAW system COMMA Common Object-oriented Object-oriented Methodology Metamodel Architecture from OPEN command A word you type to get Unix to do something. Actually, the UNIX shell listens to the commands you type and tries to execute them. some commands are things the shell knows how to do. Other commands are seperate programs, stored in files on the disk. When you type a command, press Enter or Return at the end of the line. command line interface (CLI) A line-based (as opposed to a screen-based) interface between the user and an application. Common Channel Signalling (CCS) Signalling bits are transmitted out-of-band, in a separate channel from the digitized voice. Typically a number of voice channels have their signalling combined together into a single signalling channel. Common Desktop Environment (CDE) A common windowing scheme, based on the X11 Motif system, used both in Solaris and HP-UX, to provide a similar look and feel for users. Common Gateway Interface (CGI) A method to allow the user to interact with HTML documents; CGI allows the use of forms and scripts on the World Wide Web (WWW). See also HyperText Markup Language (HTML) /h, World Wide Web (WWW) /w. Common Internet File System (CIFS) The name for Microsoft's version of a networked file system /f. See also Network File System (NFS) /n, Windows NT File System (NTFS) /w. Common Lisp An ANSI ANSI standard version of Lisp Lisp. Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) An OMG /o and X/Open /x specification introducing IDL /i, ORB /o and BOA /b. The current version is CORBA 1.1. CORBA / was adopted by OMG from a joint proposal by Digital Equipment Corporation, Hewlett-Packard Company, HyperDesk Corporation, NCR Corporation, Object Design, Inc., and SunSoft, Inc. Common Peer Group The lowest level peer group in which a set of nodes is represented. A node is represented in a peer group either directly or through one of its ancestors. Communication endpoint An object associated with a set of attributes which are specified at the communication creation time. Communication Protocol For computers engaged in telecommunications, the protocol (i.e., the setting and standards) must be the same for both devices when receiving and transmitting information. A communications program can be used to ensure that the baud rate, duplex, parity, data bits, and stop bits are correctly set. Communicator: PDA type equipment integrated with or attached to a mobile phone, for example Nokia Communicator 99110. Ericsson MC218. COMNET A simulation tool from CACI CACI for analysing wide-area voice or data networks, based on SIMSCRIPT SIMSCRIPT.. Compaq A US manufacturer of IBM PC-compatibles. compression A way to shrink files so that they don't take up so much space. File compression programs that do this include compress and pack. To uncompress a compressed file, use uncompress, unpack, pcat or zcat. Compression Data files are often compressed to take up less network bandwidth, memory etc. Common examples are program executables and visual images. Many algorithms and utilities exist for this - . /Compression Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) The CERT Coordination Center is the organization that grew from the computer emergency response team formed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) /d in November 1988 in response to the needs identified during the Internet worm incident. The CERT charter is to work with the Internet community to facilitate its response to computer security events involving Internet hosts, to take proactive steps to raise the community's awareness of computer security issues, and to conduct research targeted at improving the security of existing systems. computer You mean that you've got this far and you still don't know what a computer is?True, sometimes it can be hard to tell. A computer is the part of the system that contains a processing unit that does the thinking. Sometimes people refer to the computer as the entire package; the processing unit, keyboard, screen, disk drives_the works. You may need to know if you have a computer on your desk or if you have a terminal connected to a computer somewhere else. If you are using a PC with a program such as kermit or procomm as a terminal to communicate with a computer running Unix, when we talk about the "computer", we mean the Unix machine. Computer-Telephony Integration (CTI) The integration of computers and telephone equipment; a computer performing telephone services, such as placing calls or acting as an answering machine. COMSOFT Consortium for the Management of Emerging Software Technologies - . /COMSOFT concatenate The act of combining two string into a single, longer string. concatenated stripe Allows multiple disk partitions to be treated as a single large partition by the kernel. See also Disk Suite /d. Concrete Class In object-oriented object-oriented programming, a class class suitable to be instantiated.(as opposed to an abstract class abstract-class). Concurrent Clean A functional language functional-language for the Macintosh from the University of Nijmegen. Concurrent Engineering An approach where all aspects of a product's life-cycle are considered as early as possible in the design, manufacturing and maintenance process - . /CE conditional A JavaScript statement that performs an action if a particular condition is true, usually using the if statement. Configuration management The process of identifying, defining, recording and reporting the configuration items in a system and the change requests. Controlling the releases and change of the items throughout the life-cycle life-cycle See also code management code-management- . /Configuration Configuration The phase in which the LE Client discovers the LE Service. Connection An ATM connection consists of concatenation of ATM Layer links in order to provide an end-to-end information transfer capability to access points. Connection In switched virtual connection (SVC) environments the LAN Emulation Management entities set up connections between each other using UNI signaling. Connection- OrientedThe model of interconnection in which communication proceeds through three well-defined phase: connection establishment, data transfer, connection release. Example: X.2.5, Internet TCP and OSI TP4, registered letters. Connectionless Refers to ability of existing LANs to send data without previously establishing connections. Connectionless The model of interconnection in which communication takes place without first establishing a connection. Establishing a connection. Sometimes called datagram. Examples; LANs, Internet IP, OSI, CLNP, UDP, ordinary postcards. Constructor A function provided by a class class in C++ C++ to instantiate an object. Consultative Committee on International Telegraphy and Telephony (CCITT)A committee, sponsored by the United Nations, that defines network standards, including X.400 and X.500. This committee has been recently renamed to International Telecommunications Unions/Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU/TSS). Container class A class class whose instances are collections of other objects. Examples include stacks, queues, lists and arrays. Control Connections A Control VCC links the LEC to the LECS. Control VCCs also link the LEC to the LES and carry LE_ARP traffic and control frames. The control VCCs never carry data frames. control key The key on the keyboard labelled control or ctrl. It is used as a shift key. It does nothing of it's own. To use it hold it down, press another key, and release it. To press Cntrl-D, for example, hold the Ctrl key, press and release the ctrl key. Control Panel Windows family containing management tools. Convergence The ability of the electron beam to hit precisely the correct phosphor dot. COO: Cell Of Original is a mobile location system. COOKIE - A small file on your computer in which a web site may write data. The data may be used by that web site only, to track your choices and custom tailor its responses. COOKIE Small bits of data that a web page asks a browser to store on a users computer,either in RAM or on the Hard drive. COOL A class library Class-libraryfor C++ C++from Texas Instruments - . /COOL CooL Combined object-oriented Language from the ITHACA ITHACA Esprit Esprit project, which combines C-based languages with database technology. COOTS Conference on Object-Oriented Technologies and Systems. Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) A high-speed networking standard whose underlying medium is copper or telephone cable. The topology is dual-attached, counter-rotating Token Ring. See also Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) /f. CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture: an OMG OMG specification - . /CORBA CORBA See Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) /. CORDIS The European Community R&D information service - . /RTD-help core An old fashioned term for "memory." A long time ago(in the '60s and '70s), most memory consists of thousands of tiny, metal donuts, called cores, strung on arrays of teeny-tiny wires.Some UNIX enthusiasts still refer to memory as "core." CORE Chemistry Online Retrieval Experiment. A project to publish American Chemical Society journals electronically. Corresponding Entities Peer entities with a lower layer connection among them. Cortex An experimental slow controls project at CERN COS Corporation for Open Systems: an international consortium of computer users and vendors, set up to provide ways of testing OSI OSI implementations. COSE Common Open Software Environment. An initiative by Hewlett-Packard, Sun, IBM, Novell, Univel and SCO to move towards consistency and interopability between Unix suppliers. COSINE Cooperation for Open Systems Interconnection Networking in Europe. A EUREKA EUREKA project. COSS Common Object Services Specification in CORBA CORBA. CoST A set of software tools for SGML SGML documents. COTS Commercial Off The Shelf solution CPAN Comprehensive Perl Perl Archive Network CPCS Common Part Convergence Sublayer: The portion of the convergence sublayer of an AAL that remains the same regardless of the traffic type. CPCS-SDU Common Part Convergence Sublayer-Service Data Unit: Protocol data unit to be delivered to the receiving AAL layer by the destination CP convergence sublayer. CPE Customer Premises Equipment: End user equipment that resides on the customer's premise which may not be owned by the local exchange carrier. CPE See customer premise equipment (CPE) /. CPI Common Program Interface: the API API of SAA SAA. CPI: Capabilities and Preferences Information is the generic term used to describe the information relating to a particular device, the network it operates on and the user's preferences as to content reception. This information is stored on CC/PP server. CPN Calling Party Number: A parameter of the initial address message that identifies the calling number and is sent to the destination carrier. CPSR Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility. A US non-profit organisation concerned with the effects of computers on society CPU Central Processing Unit, usually applied to that part of a computer which carries out the arithmetic and controls the instruction flow. CPU See central processing unit (CPU) /. cracker One who cracks, or breaks into, machines and/or networks. One who breaks passwords. See also hacker /h. Crankback A mechanism for partially releasing a connection setup in progress which has encountered a failure. This mechanism allows PNNI to perform alternate routing. CRAY Cray Research Inc.: manufacturers of a range of large powerful mainframes. CRC Class-Responsibility-Collaboration. A technique described in Object-Oriented Software by Wirfs-Brock. CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check: A mathematical algorithm that computes a numerical value based on the bits in a block of data. This number is transmitted with the data and the receiver uses this information and the same algorithm to insure the accurate delivery of data by comparing the results of algorithm and the number received. If a mismatch occurs, an error in transmission is presumed. CREASE Catalog of Resources for Education in Ada and Software Engineering. A database maintained by AdaIC AdaIC. credentials package A cryptographically sealed data package containing information about the principal, method, object, location, and authorization of a request. CREN Corporation for Research and Educational Networking: responsible for providing networking service to BITNET BITNET and CSNET CSNET users - . gopher://info.cren.net/ CRF Cell Relay Function: This is the basic function that an ATM network performs in order to provide a cell relay service to ATM end-stations. CRF Connection Related Function: A term used by Traffic Management to reference a point in a network or a network element where per connection functions are occurring. This is the point where policing at the VCC or VPC level may occur. CRM Cell Rate Margin: This is a measure of the difference between the effective bandwidth allocation and the allocation for sustainable rate in cells per second. CRM Missing RM-Cell Count: CRM limits the number of forward RM-cells which may be sent in the absence of received backward RM-cells. cron The clock daemon in UNIX UNIXthat executes commands at specified dates and times according to instructions in a file - . /man?cron Cross software Software developed on one kind of computer for use on another (usually because the other computer does not have itself adequate facilities for software development). CRS Cell Relay Service: A carrier service which supports the receipt and transmission of ATM cells between end users in compliance with ATM standards and implementation specifications. CRS4 Centro di Ricerca, Sviluppo e Studi Superiori in Sardegna. ( Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia). A high performance computing centre with an interesting information server. CRT This abbreviation stands for Cathode Ray Tube, also known as picture tube or screen. The picture tube in a home TV is also a CRT. CS Convergence Sublayer; The general procedures and functions that convert between ATM and non-ATM formats. This describes the functions of the upper half of the AAL layer. This is also used to describe the conversion functions between non-ATM protocols such as frame relay or SMDS and ATM protocols above the AAL layer. CSCW Computer Supported Cooperative Work (also known as Groupware): software tools and technology to support groups of people working together on a project, often at different sites - . /CSCW CSD: Circuit Switched Cellular Data. csh See c shell c-shell cshell See c shell c-shell CSL Caml Special Light. An implementation of Caml Caml - . CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection: a network arbitration scheme used on Ethernet Ethernet. A station with a message to send starts sending if there is no carrier detected on the transmission medium. If a collision occurs, transmission is abandoned and retried after a delay. CSMA/CD See Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) /. CSNET (Computer+Science Network) A large computer network, mostly in the U.S. but with international connections. CSNET sited include universities, research labs, and some commercial companies. Now merged with BITNET to form CREN. CSNET Computers and Science Network, operated by CREN CREN for US computer science institutes. It provides electronic mail service via dial-up lines, plus X.25 X.25 and Internet Internet services. CSP Communicating Sequential Processes. A programming model developed by T. Hoare at Oxford University - CSS Cascading Style Sheets. A simple mechanism for adding style to WWW WWW documents CSTC Computer Security Technology Center of the US DoE DoE CSU Channel Service Unit: An interface for digital leased lines which performs loopback testing and line conditioning. CT Conformance Test: Testing to determine whether an implementation complies with the specifications of a standard and exhibits the behaviors mandated by that standard. CTAN Comprehensive TeX Archive Network - . /TeX CTD Cell Transfer Delay: This is defined as the elapsed time between a cell exit event at the measurement point 1 (e.g., at the source UNI) and the corresponding cell entry event at measurement point 2 (e.g., the destination UNI) for a particular connection. The cell transfer delay between two measurement points is the sum of the total inter-ATM node transmission delay and the total ATM node processing delay. CTI Computer Telephony Integration. CTI See Computer-Telephony Integration (CTI) /. CTIA: Cellular Telecommunications Industries Association. CUA Common User Access: the User Interface standard of SAA SAA. current job The job most recently started or stopped. When you use the jobs command to list jobs, the current job is marked with a plus sign(+). curses A set of subroutines in UNIX UNIXfor handling navigation on a terminal screen using the cursor - . /man?curses cursor The little indicator on your screen that shows where you are working. Its shape depends on the program you are using. It may be a blinking underscore, a box, an arrow, a little hourglass, a little pencil-you name it. Customer Information Control System (CICS) The IBM architecture underlying the e-mail system, defining a region or domain for electronic mail delivery. customer premise equipment (CPE) Telecommunications equipment located at a customer site (relative to the telephone or telecommunications company). CVS A code management code-managementsystem based on RCS RCS CWI Dutch Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam CWIS Campus-Wide Information System. Many universities and other institutes have computerised information systems, often based on WWW or gopher Cyclic Redundancy checksum (CRC)A redundancy check in which the check key is generated by a cyclic algorithm. Also, a system checking or error checking performed at both the sending and receiving station after a block check character has been accumulated. cylinder group A group of consecutive cylinders. See cylinder /. cylinder The same track from each platter of a disk. See also platter /p. D DA Destination Address: Information sent in the forward direction indicating the address of the called station or customer. DA Destination MAC Address: A six octet value uniquely identifying an endpoint and which is sent in IEEE LAN frame headers to indicate frame destination. DAA Distributed Application Architecture: under design by Hewlett-Packard and Sun. A distributed object management environment that will allow applications to be developed independent of operating system, network or windowing system. DACNOS A prototype network operating system for multivendor environments, from IBM European Networking Centre Heidelberg and University of Karlsruhe. DAD Distributed Adamo Database. An extension to ADAMO ADAMO - . daemon (pronounced "daemon")A process that runs around on its own to see some housekeeping task. Your computer, or some computer on your network, has a printer daemon whose job is to print things waiting in the print queue. daemon A process running in the background performing some service (such as handling print queues) in UNIX UNIXor other operating systems. Daemon Program A utility program that runs on a TCP/IP server. Daemon programs run in the background, performing services such a file transfers, printing, calculations, searching for information, and many other tasks. This is similar to a TSR program in DOS. Daemons are fully supported by UNIX, however. DANTE A company established by the national research networks in Europe to provide international network services - . /RIPE DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)The U.S. government agency that funded the ARPANET. DARPA Defense Advanced Research Project Agency of the US Department of Defense,.responsible for the development of new technology, including ARPANET ARPANET. DARPA See Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) /. DASE Distributed Application Support Environment . Data base See DBMS DBMS Data Connections Data VCCs connect the LECs to each other and to the Broadcast and Unknown Server. These carry Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 or IEEE 802.5 data frames as well as flush messages. Data Definition Language A language enabling the structure and instances of a database to be defined in a human- and machine-readable form. Data dictionary A set of data descriptions that can be shared by several applications. Data Encryption Standard (DES) A non-trivial algorithm for encrypting data, classified as a munition by the United States Department of Commerce and Department of State. Data Flow Diagram A graphical notation used to describe how data flows between processes in a system. An important tool of most structured analysis techniques. Data Frames Logical, structured packets in which data can be placed. The Data Link layer Packages raw bits from the physical layer into data frames. The exact format of frame used by network depends on the topology. data Information in computer-speak. Data Link Layer The OSI layer that is responsible for data transfer across a single physical connection, or series of bridged connections, between two network entities. data marshaling, data unmarshaling The conversion of data back and forth between some local format and a common interchange format. Marshaled data is in the canonical eXtended Data Representation (XDR) /e format Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) /a. Data Model A set of data structures with manipulation and validation operators for general purpose usage. Examples are the Entity-Relationship Entity-Relationship model and NIAM NIAM Data Packet A unit of data being set over a network. A packet includes a header, addressing information, and the data itself. A packet is treated as a single unit as it is sent from device to device. Data Transfer Rate The data transfer rate determines how fast a drive or other peripheral can transfer data with its controller. The data transfer rate is a key measurement in drive performance. Data Warehouse A database of information intended for use as part of a decision support system. The data is typically extracted from an organisation's operational databases. database A collection of data organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. database administrator (DBA) An administrator of a database. This person is responsible for system tuning as well as the structure of the tables within the database, the number of instances to run, and other parameters. See also system administrator /s. Database See DBMS DBMS. Datacom A DBMS DBMS from Computer Associates International.. Datagram A packet of information medium and associated delivery information, such as the destination address, that is routed through a packet-switching network. DATATRIEVE A query and report system for use with DEC's VMS VMS system (RMS, VAX Rdb/VMS or VAX DBMS). DataViews Graphical user interface development software from V.I.Corporation, aimed at constructing platform-independent interactive views of dynamic data. DAZIX Daisy/Cadnetix Corporation: a supplier of digital electronic CAE CAE systems. DB Database. DB2 A DBMS DBMS from IBM. DBA DataBase Administrator. DBA See database administrator (DBA) /. dBASE III A DBMS DBMS from Ashton-Tate Corporation. DBMS Database management system: such systems typically manage large structured sets of persistent data, offering ad hoc query facilities to many users. They are widely used in business applications: commercial examples include Ingres Ingres, Oracle Oracle, Sybase Sybase etc. DCA Document Content Architecture.from IBM DCC Data Country Code: This specifies the country in which an address is registered. The codes are given in ISO 3166. The length of this field is two octets. The digits of the data country code are encoded in Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) syntax. The codes will be left justified and padded on the right with the hexadecimal value "F" to fill the two octets. DCE Data Communication Equipment: A generic definition of computing equipment that attaches to a network via a DTE. DCE Distributed Computing Environment from OSF OSF - . /DCE DCE See Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) /. DCF Document Composition Facility. D-channel A dedicated data channel for Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) /i configuration and set-up. DCOM Distributed Component Object Model Protocol - . /DCOM DCS See Digital Cross-connect System (DCS) / DCSA Distributed Component Software Architecture - . /CIL DD Data Dictionary Data-Dictionary. DDE Manager An Oracle Oracle product that lets Windows Windows applications that support the DDE protocol act as front end tools for Oracle. It allows applications like Excel, Word, Ami Professional, WingZ, and ToolBook to query, update, graph, and report information stored in Oracle. DDE protocol Dynamic Data Exchange: a Microsoft Microsoft protocol that allows Windows Windows applications to communicate using a client/server model. DDIF Digital Document Interchange Format. A CDA CDA specification for representing compound documents in revisable format; a DEC standard for document encoding. DDL Data definition language Data-definition-language. DDL Document Description Language Document-Description-Language. DDTS Distributed Defect Tracking System. debug The act of finding errors, or bugs, in a program or script. DECT: digital European Cordless Telecommunication. DEC Digital Equipment Corporation: a computer manufacturer and software vendor. DECdesign A software analysis and design tool from DEC supporting several methodologies. DECdns Distributed Naming Service: adopted by OSF OSF as the naming service for DCE DCE. DECnet The network marketed by DEC to connect its computers together. decrement To decrease the value of a variable by one. In java Script, this can be done with the decrement operator,++. DECstation A range of RISC RISC based workstations manufactured by DEC. DECwindows DEC's windowing environment based on the X Window System X-Window-System. DECwrite DEC's CDA CDA-based, WYSIWYG WYSIWYG document processing application. It can generate and import SGML SGML marked-up documents. Dedicated Line A transmission medium that is used exclusively between two locations. Dedicated lines are also known as leased lines or private lines. Default Gateway IP uses the default gateway address when it cannot find the destination host on the local subnet. This is usually the router interface. Default Node Representation A single value for each nodal state parameter giving the presumed value between any entry or exit to the logical node and the nucleus. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) The central research and development organization for the United States Department of Defense. It manages and directs selected basic and applied research and development projects for the Department, and pursues research and technology where risk and payoff are both very high and where success may provide dramatic advances for traditional military roles and missions and dual-use applications. DEL See Dialog Editing Library (DEL) /. Delphi An object-oriented object-oriented development system from Borland Delta The information which differentiates a version version from members of its immediate family. See change management change-management Delta-4 Definition and Design of an open Dependable Distributed system architecture. An Esprit Esprit project investigating the achievement of dependability in open distributed systems, including real-time real-time systems. DELTASE A distributed processing environment concerned with fault-tolerant and process-control applications from the Esprit Esprit Delta-4 Delta-4 project. DEM Digital Elevation Model. A format for map files - . /Graphics DeMarco Tom DeMarco proposed a form of Structured Analysis. Demeter A CASE CASE tool developed mainly by Karl Lieberherr (see Aug/Sep 1988 issue of JOOP, OOPSLA '89 Proceedings "Contributions to Teaching Object-Oriented Design and Programming") demilitarized zone (DMZ) An area of a network, typically between the internal corporate network and either the external Internet or a partner, vendor, or client, usually between firewalls, providing some service or services. Part of a security system. See also firewall /f. Demultiplexing A function performed by a layer entity that identifies and separates SDUs from a single connection to more than one connection. demux See multiplex /m. DES Data Encryption Standard. A NIST NIST encryption standard. DES Destination End Station: An ATM termination point which is the destination for ATM messages of a connection and is used as a reference point for ABR services. See SES. DES See Data Encryption Standard (DES) /. Design Design is usually considered to be the phase of software development following analysis, and concerned with how the problem is to be solved. Design recovery A subset of reverse engineering reverse-engineering in which domain knowledge, external information, and deduction of fuzzy reasoning are added to the observations of the subject system to identify meaningful higher level abstraction beyond those obtained directly by examining the system itself. desktop A display of one or more icons representing system resources. Desktop Commands (DTC) Commands used in the Advanced Development Environment (ADE) /a to manipulate a dialog / instance. Desktop manager A user interface to system services, usually icon and menu based like the Macintosh Finder, enabling the user to run applications and use a filing system without directly using the command language of the operating system. desktop publishing A fancy type of word processing. A desktop publishing program lets you do typesetting and is useful for preparing books, newsletters, and the like. The most common Unix desktop publishing programs are Interleaf and FrameMaker. DESQview A system from Quarterdeck Office Systems implementing multitasking under MS-DOS. Destructor A function provided by a class in C++ C++ to delete an object. DESY Deutsches Electronen Synchrotron Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany Development The process of analysis, design, coding and testing software. Device Driver A piece of software that allows a workstation or server to communicate with a hardware device. For example, disk drivers are used to control disk drivers and network drivers are used to communicate with network boards. DFD Data Flow Diagram Data-Flow-Diagram. DFS See distributed file system (DFS) /. DGL Data Generation Language: a tool for generating test data for hardware or software systems. DGL The distributed version of GL GL . DHC See Dynamic Host Configuration (DHC) /. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) A method of automatically assigning IP addresses to client computers on a network. DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. DHCP See Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) /. Dhrystone A benchmark Benchmarkprogram in C and Ada. DHTML DYNAMIC HTML Diagonal Linear Measurement "Official" screen size is the diagonal measurement of the CRT before its mounted in the monitor cabinet. Some monitor CRT category sizes are 14", 15", 17", 19", and 21". DIALOG A commercial bibliographic database and retrieval service from DIALOG Information Services. dialog A two-way communication link between an administrator and one or more TME resources. Dialog Editing Library (DEL) A library of C functions that permits dynamic, persistent creation and editing of dialog descriptors at run-time. See also Advanced Development Environment (ADE) /a. Dialog Specification Language (DSL) Provides the dialog layout and interaction for handling application output and input. See gadget /g. DIB Device Independent Bitmap, a format for portable images. Dienst A protocol for a distributed digital document library built on http Digital Cross-connect System (DCS) Pronounced "dax;" a digital version of or replacement for the analog data center patch panels. Digital Private Network Signalling System (DPNSS) A Common Channel Signalling (CCS) /c protocol used in telecommunications networks. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) A high-speed digital network connection, usually between a home or small business and a telecommunications vendor, providing an always-up direct connection to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) /i. It can be either asymmetric, /a where the upstream and downstream speeds are dissimilar, or symmetric, /s where the upstream and downstream speeds are the same. DII Dynamic Invocation Interface. An OMG OMG specification. DII See Dynamic Invocation Interface (DII) /. DIIG Digital Information Infrastructure Guide. A resource to facilitate the development of the NII NII - . /DIIG Dijkstra's Algorithm An algorithm that is sometimes used to calculate routes given a link and nodal state topology database. DIN Deutsche Institut fuer Normung: the German standardisation body, a member of ISO ISO. DIP Document Image Processing: storage, management and retrieval of images. DIR This is a field in an RM-cell which indicates the direction of the RM- cell with respect to the data flow with which it is associated. The source sets DIR=0 and the destination sets DIR=1. Direct Set A set of host interfaces which can establish direct layer two communications for unicast (not needed in MPOA). directive (Security.) Specific actions to be taken and directions to be followed in implementing a policy /p. Adherence to directives is mandatory for users. directory A collection of files with a name. A dirctory can be compared to a file folder that contains one or more files. Directories can also contain other directories. You can think of a directory as a work area because one directory is always the current working directory. Directories, particularly directories contained in your home directory. Dirt Design In Real Time: a user interface builder for the X Window System X-Window-System by R.Hesketh dirty Not clean. A filesystem is dirty if it is in use or if there is no guarantee that the file system structure is static. DISA Data Interchange Standards Association (USA) DISA Defense Information Systems Agency (USA) disk Also known as DASD(only to IBM types, who also pronounce this "daz-dee"), it is a round flat thing on which information is recorded in much the same way as you record stuff on a cassette tape. Disk Operating System (DOS) The term DOS can refer to any operating system, but it is most often used as a shorthand for Microsoft's MS-DOS. Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM /i, MS-DOS was the standard operating system for IBM-compatible personal computers. Disk Suite A product from Sun Microsystems that allows the kernel to treat multiple distinct disk partitions as larger logical partitions (up to one terabyte per logical partition). It also allows for mirroring data, or storing data on multiple partitions simultaneously. diskette A removable disk, also called a floppy disk. DISOSS See Distribution Office Support Systems (DISOSS) /. display adapter The thing inside your computer that lets it talk to the screen. Display PostScript An extended form of PostScript PostScript permitting its interactive use with bitmap displays. Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) A non-hierarchical, non-scaling multicast routing protocol, defined in RFC 1075 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1075.txt. Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) An OSF /o product. A windowing environment similar to Motif. distributed file system (DFS) A file system /f that is distribtued across multiple geographic sites yet which appears to be a single local file system /f to the user. See also Andrew File System (AFS) /a, Institutional File System (IFS) /i. Distribution Office Support Systems (DISOSS) The IBM /i SNA /s electronic mail routing architecture for their mainframes. A distributed electronic mail system. diversely routed A network is diversely routed if there are multiple routes from point A to point B. DL/I The data manipulation language of IMS IMS. DLG Digital Line Graph. A format for map files - . /Graphics DLM Distributed Lock Manager on distributed VMS VMS systems. DLPI UNIX International, Data Link Provider Interface (DLPI) Specification: Revision 2.0.0, OSI Work Group, August 1991. DME Distributed Management Environment: an OSF OSF standard presently at the RFT RFT stage. DMS Document Management System. DMZ See demilitarized zone (DMZ) /. DNS - Domain Name Server. This is a program running on a server which automatically translates domain names into their correct TCP/IP addresses. A busy DNS server is the most common reason for Navigator's frequent "Unable to find Domain Name or invalid entry in the DNS" error. DNS (Domain Name System) The distributed name/address mechanism used in the Internet. DNS Distributed Name Service: see DECdns DECdns. DNS DOMAIN NAME SERVER DNS record types The domain name record types are: A Address, specifying the IP address CNAME Canonical name, an alias pointing to the true name of the host. Requires its right hand side to have an A record. HINFO Host information, detailed information about the specific host, such as location or operating system version. LOC Location, specifies the geographical location of the host. MX Mail exchange, specifies that the host on the left side will accept mail for the host on the right hand side at the priority shown (lower is preferred). NS Name server, specifies a host that will act as a domain name server for the specified domain. PTR Pointer, used to provide reverse lookups. RP Responsible person, the contact information for the specified domain. SOA Start of authority, the meta information for the specified zone. Contains email information, a serial number, and the time to live values. The specific format is defined in RFC 2181. TXT Text, a comment on the record. Otherwise ignored. WKS Well-known services, lists those services for a host. Allows for mnemonics (http, smtp, telnet) instead of specifying port numbers (80, 25, 21). DNS See Domain Name Service (DNS) /. DOC Distributed Object Computing. Document Examiner A high-performance hypertext hypertext system by Symbolics that provides on-line access to their user documentation. Document Style Semantics and Specification Language An ISO standard under preparation, addressing the semantics of high-quality composition in a manner independent of particular formatting systems or processes. DSSSL is intended as a complementary standard to SGML SGML for the specification of semantics. DoD Networking Model A four-layer conceptual model describing how communication should take place between computer systems. The four layers are Process/Application, Host-to-Host, Internet, and Networking Access. DOD is the acronym for Department of Defense, the government agency that provided the original funding for the development of the TCP/IP protocol suite. DoD The US Department of Defense, responsible for sponsoring many standards in the software engineering field - . /DoD DoD-STD-2167A DoD DoD standard specifying the overall process of development and documentation for mission-critical software DoD-STD-2168 A DoD DoD standard for software quality assurance procedures. DOE Distributed Object Environment: a distributed object-oriented object-oriented application framework from SunSoft. DoE The US Department of Energy DOI Digital Object Identifier. A system of unique and persistent identifiers devised by the Association of American Publishers. The DOI is intended to mark digital objects in electronic commerce so that a user of the object can contact the current provider to get additional information or complete a transaction domain Domain A logical grouping for file servers within a network, managed as an integrated whole. Domain Controller Primary server within a domain and primary storage point for domain-wide security information. Domain Distributed Operating Multi Access Interactive Network: the proprietary network protocol used by Apollo Apollo workstations. domain level A level in a NetInfo domain hierarchy. See NetInfo /n. DOMAIN NAME - An english language equivalent of a computer systems TCP/IP address. DOMAIN NAME A Domain Name is much like a trademark or a license. It allows people to find your website by name instead of by number. It also allows customers to have a much more professional look because their website can be http://www.THEIRBUSINESSNAME.com instead of http://www.PROVIDERNAME.com/businessname. There can only be one of any Domain name in the world. If http://www.myweb.com is already registered by another company, then you must find a name that is not yet registered. Domain names can be only 63 charecters long in total. This includes the .com at the end but does not include the http://www at the beginning. It is the 'unique name' that identifies an Internet site. Domain Names always have two or more parts, separated by dots. The part on the left is the most specific, and the part on the right is the most general. A given machine may have more than one Domain Name but a given Domain Name points to only one machine. For example, the domain names: Domain Name Service (DNS) A UDP /u protocol (defined in RFC 2181 ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2181.txt) for resolving names to IP addresses and vice versa. This leads to a hierarchical host naming structure which gives each computer on a network a unique name. See also fully qualified domain name (FQDN) /f, resolver /r. Domain Names The name by which a domain is known to the network. The errors (if you do the math) are due to clocking information and overhead in managing the multiplexing of the channels on the fiber. ? pugmarks.com ? pugmarks.net ? aiims.edu ? apcf.org can all refer to the same machine, but each domain name can refer to no more than one machine. Usually, all of the machines on a given Network will have the same extension a