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ADDD
A Depository of
Development Documents. A
public domain Software Engineering
Environment from GMD developed
as part of the STONE project.
Address
In TCP/IP, an IP
address is a 32-bit numeric
identifier assigned to a
node. The address has two
parts, one for the network
identifier and the other
for the node identifier.
All nodes on the same network
must share the network address
and have unique node address.
For networks connected to
the Internet, network addresses
are assigned by the Internet
Activities Board (IAB).
Addresses also include IPX
addresses -the internal
network number and external
network number-and the MAC
(Media access Control) address
assigned to each network
card or device.
Address
The name you use
to say who is supposed to
receive an electronic-mail
message. An electronic-mail
address consists of the
person's user name and ,
if the person is on a different
computer than you are, the
name of the computer.
ADDRESS BOOK
An address book
is a file in which you can
store the e-mail addresses
of people to whom you frequently
write. When you add a person
to your address book, you'll
typically enter the person's
real name and his or her
e-mail address. In some
e-mail programs, as you
type the person's real name
in the recipient field of
a new message, the program
will automatically locate
the person's real name and
e-mail address and fill
it in for you.
Address Prefix
A string of 0 or
more bits up to a maximum
of 152 bits that is the
lead portion of one or more
ATM addresses.
Address Resolution
Address Resolution
is the procedure by which
a client associates a LAN
destination with the ATM
address of another client
or the BUS.
Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP)
An Ethernet protocol
used to translate IP network
addresses into Ethernet
hardware addresses (also
known as Media Access Control
(MAC) addresses).
Adjacency
The relationship
between two communicating
neighboring peer nodes.
Adjacent hosts
Two hosts are adjacent
if they have permanent ARP
entries for each other.
ADL
Assertion (or API)
Definition Language. A project
for Automatic Interface
Test Generation.
Administrator
In the context
of Tivoli, a user who is
authorized to perform some
TME function. See also system
administrator.
Administrative
Domain
A collection of
managed entities grouped
for administrative reasons.
ADO ActiveX
Data Objects
A Microsoft technology that
provides a unified way to
access different data sources
with a single data model.
By providing a single data
model, ADO lets you access
data in the same way whether
it exists in a database,
a spreadsheet, and even
text files.
ADPCM
Adaptive Differential
Pulse Code Modulation: A
reduced bit rate variant
of PCM audio encoding (see
also PCM). This algorithm
encodes the difference between
an actual audio sample amplitude
and a predicted amplitude
and adapts the resolution
based on recent differential
values.
ADT
Abstract Data Type:
a class of data structures
described by means of a
set of operations rather
than by physical representation,
such as a class in object-oriented
programming..
ADTF
ACR Decrease Time Factor:
This is the time permitted
between sending RM-cells
before the rate is decreased
to ICR (Initial Cell Rate).
The ADTF range is .01 to
10.23 sec. with granularity
of 10 ms.
Advanced Development
Environment (ADE)
A toolkit for programmers
to use in developing systems
management applications
in the TME. This requires
knowledge of how the underlying
object system works.
Advance Research
Projects Agency Network
(ARPANET)
A packet-switched network
developed in the early 1970s.
The “father”
of today’s Internet.
ARPANET was decommissioned
in June 1990.
Advanced Technology
Adapter (ATA)
Another name for Integrated
Disk Electronics (IDE).
Aegis
A CASE tool for project
change management, part
of the GNU software.
AENOR
Asociacion Espanola de Normalizacion
y Certificacion. The Spanish
standards organisation.
AEP
Application environment
profile.
AES
Application environment
specification: a set of
specifications from OSF
for programming and user
interfaces, aimed at providing
a consistent application
environment on different
hardware platforms. It includes
O/S for the operating system
(user commands and program
interfaces), U/E for the
User Environment (Motif),
and N/S for Network services.
AFI
Authority and Format Identifier:
This identifier is part
of the network level address
header.
AFIPS
American Federation of Information
Processing Societies.
AFNOR
Association Francaise pour
la Normalisation: the French
national standards institute,
a member of ISO.
Aggregation
Token A number assigned
to an outside link by the
border nodes at the ends
of the outside link. The
same number is associated
with all uplinks and induced
uplinks associated with
the outside link. In the
parent and all higher-level
peer group, all uplinks
with the same aggregation
token are aggregated.
Agent
A piece of software running
autonmously, usually helping
a human being in pursuit
of some knowledge-related
goal.
AGOCG
Advisory Group on Computer
Graphics. Advising UK Higher
Education on Computer Graphics,
Visualization and Multimedia.
AGL
Atelier de Genie Logiciel:
French for IPSE.
Agents
In the client/server model,
the part of the system that
performs information preparation
and exchange on behalf of
a client or server application.
AHFG
ATM-attached Host Functional
Group: The group of functions
performed by an ATM-attached
host that is participating
in the MPOA service.
AI
Artificial Intelligence.
Ai
Signaling ID assigned by
Exchange A.
AIA
Application Integration
Architecture: DEC's "open
standards" specifications.
AICA
Associazione Italiana di
Calcolo Automatico.
AIFF
Audio IFF. A format developed
by Apple for storing high-quality
sampled sound and musical
instrument info; also used
by SGI and several professional
audio packages.
AIM
ATM Inverse Multiplexer:
A term discontinued because
of conflict with an established
product. Refer to AIMUX.
AIMUX
ATM Inverse Multiplexing:
A device that allows multiple
T1 or E1 communications
facilities to be combined
into a single broadband
facility for the transmission
of ATM cells.
AIR
Additive Increase Rate:
An ABR service parameter,
AIR controls the rate at
which the cell transmission
rate increases. It is signaled
as AIRF, where AIRF = AIR*Nrm/PCR.
AIRF
Additive Increase Rate Factor:
Refer to AIR.
AIS
Alarm Indication Signal:
An all ones signal sent
down or up stream by a device
when it detects an error
condition or receives an
error condition or receives
an error notification from
another unit in the transmission
path.
AIS
Advanced Informatics Support
project for administrative
work at CERN.
AIX
Advanced Interactive eXecutive:
IBM's version of UNIX, taken
as the basis for the OSF
standard.
Algol
A high-level programming
language developed in the
1950s.
Algorithm
A systematic procedure guaranteed
to produce a result after
a finite number of steps.
Alias
A pointer to one or more
users or hosts, typically
used for sending mail (in
the case of users) or logging
in remotely (in the case
of hosts). See also group
alias, host alias, individual
alias.
Alt key
If your keyboard
has an alt key, it is used
as a shift key; it does
nothing on its own. To use
it, hold it down, press
another key, and release
it. To press alt-A, for
example, hold the Alt key,
press and release the A
key, and release the Alt
key.simple.
Alternate Routing
A mechanism that
supports the use of a new
path after an attempt to
set up a connection along
a previously selected path
fails.
Alvey
A funding programme
for collaborative research
in the UK.
AMADEUS
A PC client for
Hyper-G.
American National
Standards Institute (ANSI)
The organization
responsible for setting
computer-related standards
in the United States of
America.
American National
Standards Institute (ASNI)
A nonprofit organization
responsible for the ASCII
(American Standard Code
for Information Interchange)
code set, as well as numerous
other voluntary standards.
American Standard
Code for Information Interchange
(ASCII)
The character set
used by most American computers.
Supersets of ASCII contain
non-English characters.
AMI
Alternate Mark
Inversion: A line coding
format used on T1 facilities
that transmits ones by alternate
positive and negative pulses.
Ami
Applications of
Metrics in Industry (Assess,
Analyze, Metricate, Improve).
A method for software project
management and process improvement.
Amoeba
A distributed operating
system developed by A.Tanenbaum
and others at Amsterdam.
AMS
Andrew Message
System.
Analysis
The part of the
software development process
concerned with defining
the requirements for the
product.
Ancestor Node
A logical group
node that has a direct parent
relationship to a given
node (i.e., it is the parent
of that node, or the parent's
parent, ...).
ANDF
Architecture-Neutral
Distribution Format: an
emerging OSF standard for
software distribution. Programs
are compiled into ANDF before
distribution, and executables
are produced from it for
the local target system.
Andrew File System
(AFS)
A specific instance
of a distributed file system
(DFS), developed at Carnegie-Mellon
University (CMU), allowing
multiple file systems to
be shared between organizations
and treated, at the user
interface level, as one
giant file system.
Andrew File System
The distributed
file system of the Andrew
project, adopted by the
OSF as part of their DCE.
Andrew Message
System
A multimedia interface
to electronic mail and bulletin
boards, developed as part
of the Andrew project
Andrew Project
A distributed system
project for support of educational
and research computing at
Carnegie Mellon University.
Andrew Toolkit
A portable user
interface toolkit developed
as part of the Andrew project,
running on the X Window
System and distributed with
X11R5.
ANI
Automatic Number
Identification: A charge
number parameter that is
normally included in the
Initial Address Message
to the succeeding carrier
for billing purposes.
ANL
Argonne National
Laboratory, USA.
ANM
Answer Message: A BISUP
call control message from
the receiving exchange to
the sending exchange indicating
answer and that a through
connection should be completed
in both directions.
Anna
A specification
language from Stanford University
for formally specifying
Ada programs. It has a Specification
Analyzer and a Consistency
Checking System.
Annealing
A technique which
can be applied to any minimization
or learning process based
on successive update steps
(either random or deterministic)
where the update step length
is proportional to an arbitrarily
set parameter which can
play the role of a temperature.
Then, in analogy with the
annealing of metals, the
temperature is made high
in the early stages of the
process for faster minimization
or learning, then is reduced
for greater stability.
Anonymous ftp
Uses the ftp file
transfer program and the
internet to copy files from
other computers to your
own. It is anonymous because
many computer systems allow
anyone to log in and transfer
files without having accounts(usernames)
on the computer. You type
anonymous as the user name
and electronic-mail address
as the password.
ANSA
Advanced Network
Systems Architecture: an
architecture for distributed
computer systems based on
a model developed as an
Esprit project - .
ANSI
American National
Standards Institute: A U.S.
standards body.
ANSI Z39.50 See
Z39.50.
ANSI/SPARC Architecture
A layered model of database
architecture comprising
a physical schema, a conceptual
schema, and user views.
AnswerGarden
A help desk software package
from MIT.
Anycast
A one packet to
one from a list of hosts;
similar to a broadcast or
multicast but the goal is
to have exactly one response.
See also broadcast, multicast,
unicast.
AOCE
Apple Open Collaboration
Environment. A set of software
for e-mail, directory services
etc.
APA
Application Portability
Architecture: DEC's plan
for portable applications
software.
apE
A graphics package
from the Ohio Supercomputer
Centre .
Apertos
An object-oriented
operating system from Sony
Computer Science Laboratory.
API
Application Program
Interface: API is a programmatic
interface used for interprogram
communications or for interfacing
between protocol layers.
API_connection
Native ATM Application
Program Interface Connection:
API_connection is a relationship
between an API_endpoint
and other ATM devices that
has the following characteristics:
· Data communication
may occur between the API_endpoint
and the other ATM devices
comprising the API_connection
· Each API_connection
may occur over a duration
of time only once; the same
set of communicating ATM
devices may form a new connection
after a prior connection
is released
· The API_connection
may be presently active
(able to transfer data),
or merely anticipated for
the future
APL
A Programming Language
developed by Iverson for
mathematical applications.
Apollo
Apollo Computer,
now a division of Hewlett-Packard,
also the name of a range
of workstations manufactured
by this company.
AppKit
A set of objects
used by the application
builder for the NeXTstep
environment.
Apple
Apple Computer
Inc, manufacturers of the
Macintosh range of Personal
Computers.
Appletalk
The proprietary
local area network protocol
developed by Apple for their
Macintosh range of processors.
Current implementations
exist on Localtalk and Ethertalk.
AppleTalk Address
Resolution Protocol (AARP)
Provides for the
dynamic assignment of node
identifiers to nodes within
an AppleTalk network.
Applet
A small application,
often downloaded from a
remote server and run in
a controlled environment.
Typically written in a language
such as Java for execution
by a WWW browser.
applet
A Java program that is designed
to be embedded in a Web
page.
APPLET
The name given
to a small binary file which
is executed on your computer
as part of a Web Page loading.
Applets are created by JAVA.
Applets should not be confused
with pages which have JAVASCRIPT
in them.
Application
A program that
really gets some work done.
Some programs just organize
the computer, get its parts
talking to each other, and
do other housekeeping chores.
Application programs do
real-world work, like word
processing or accounting.
Application Layer
The layer of the
OSI model that interfaces
with user mode applications
by providing high-level
network services based upon
lower-level network layers.
Network file systems like
named pipes are an example
of Application layer software.
See Named Pipes, Open Systems
Interconnection.
Application Programmer
Interface (API)
A programming specification
that allows an application
programmer to interface
to an application or suite
of applications.
Application Program
Interface (API)
A Set of routines
that an application program
uses to request and carry
out lower-layer services
performed by the operation
system.
Application Extension
Facility (AEF)
A tool kit for
systems administrators to
use in customizing a TME
application to specific
needs. This does not require
any knowledge of how the
underlying object system
works.
APPN
Advanced Peer to
Peer Network: IBM network
architecture for building
dynamic routing across arbitrary
network topologies. Intended
as an eventual replacement
for SNA, IBM's static routed,
hierarchical network architecture.
APSE
Ada Programming
Support Environment.
ARC
(Previously ARCS)
Advanced RISC Computing
Specification: the standard
hardware architecture of
ACE., specifying the baseline
hardware requirements to
create ACE-compatible systems.
Arcadia
A software engineering
research project by a consortium
of US universities.
Archie
A program that
helps Internet users find
files. Participating Internet
host computers download
a listing of their files
to Archive servers, which
index these files. Users
can then search this index
and transfer these files
using FTP. Archie functions
as an archive utility, hence
its name.
Archie
An archive server
database and query system
operated by the McGill University
School of Computer Science.
Services remote requests
for information on software
kept on archives worldwide
and available via ftp.
ARCHIVE
(1) A term used
to describe a server containing
a large amount of publicily
accessible software.
(2) A term used to describe
a file which contains one
or more files that have
been compressed and stored.
ARCS see
ARC.
ARE
All Routes Explorer: A specific
frame initiated by a source
which is sent on all possible
routes in Source Route Bridging.
Argument
something that
appears on the command line
after the command.Suppose
that you type this line.
cp old.file new.file In
this command, cp is the
name of the command or program,
old.file is the first argument,
and new.file is the second
argument.
Arguments A parameter that
is passed to a function
when it is called.
Arguments are specified
within parentheses in the
function call.
Arjuna
A system for reliable
distributed computing from
the Computing Laboratory,
University of Newcastle
upon Tyne. It supports atomic
transactions on persistent
objects.
ARL
ASSET Reuse Library.
ARL
Association of
Research Libraries (North
America).
ARP
Address Resolution
Protocol: The procedures
and messages in a communications
protocol which determines
which physical network address
(MAC) corresponds to the
IP address in the packet.
ARP (Address Resolution
Protocol)
IP address to hardware
address translation protocol.
ARPANET
U.S. Department
of Defense (DARPA) wide
area network. It became
operational in 1968 and
was the forerunner of the
Internet.
ARPANET
ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECT
AGENCY NETWORK
Array
A set of variables that
can be referred to with
the same name and a number,
called an index.
Article
The base component of USENET
news; a group of text written
and posted to a network
news group.
Artifex
A CASE environment
from ARTIS of Turin for
the development of large
event-driven distributed
systems. It has code-generation
and rapid prototyping features.
Artificial Intelligence
The subfield of
computer science concerned
with the concepts and methods
of symbolic inference by
computer, and the symbolic
representation of the knowledge
to be used in making inferences.
ASCII
AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR
INFORMATION INTERCHANGE
ASCII
American Standard
Code For Information Interchange.
ASCII defines the codes
the computer uses internally
to store letters, numbers
punctuation, and some control
codes. Almost all Unix computers
use ASCII(except some mainframes).
ASDL
Abstract-Type and
Scheme-Definition Language:
developed as part of Esprit
project GRASPIN, as a basis
for generating language-based
editors and environments.
It combines an object-oriented
type system, syntax-directed
translation schemes and
a target-language interface.
ASE
Advanced Software
Environment: an object-oriented
application support system
from Nixdorf.
ASIC
Application-Specific
Integrated Circuit: an integrated
circuit designed to perform
a particular function by
defining the interconnection
of a set of basic circuit
building blocks drawn from
a library provided by the
circuit manufacturer.
ASIS
Ada Semantic Interface
Specification. An interface
between an Ada library and
any tool requiring information
in it.
ASIS
Application Software
Installation Server at CERN.
ASME
American Society
of Mechanical Engineers:
involved in CAD standardisation.
ASN.1
Abstract Syntax
Notation 1: an ISO/CCITT
standard for the description
of data. It is intended
to facilitate the exchange
of data between application
programs.
ASP
ASP stands for Active Server
Pages. This is another form
of programming that is only
available on servers that
run NT for their Operating
System.
ASP
Abstract Service
Primitive: An implementation-independent
description of an interaction
between a service-user and
a service-provider at a
particular service boundary,
as defined by Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI).
ASPECT
An IPSE developed
by an Alvey project, using
Z to specify the object-management
system and tool interface.
Aspect Ratio
The ratio of height
to width. Typical aspect
ratio for a monitor is 4:3
or 1.33. Ex.: 640 / 480
= 1.33.
ASQ
Automated Software
Quality. The use of software
tools, such as automated
testing tools, to improve
software quality.
ASQC
American Society
for Quality Control.
ASSET
Asset Source for
Software Engineering Technology.
A programme to promote software
reuse by the DoD.
Assigned Cell
Cell that provides
a service to an upper layer
entity or ATM Layer Management
entity (ATMM-entity).
Asynchronous Digital
Subscriber Line (ADSL)
An asymmetric high-speed
digital network connection,
usually between a home or
small business and a telecommunications
vendor, providing an always-up
direct connection to an
Internet Service Provider
(ISP). The upstream (from
the user to the ISP) and
downstream (from the ISP
to the user) speeds are
dissimilar, and usually
the latter is faster than
the former. See also Digital
Subscriber Line (DSL), Symmetric
Digital Subscriber Line
(SDSL).
Asynchronous Data
Transmission
A type of communication
that sends data using flow
control rather than a clock
to Synchronize data between
the source and destination.
Asynchronous Time
Division Multiplexing
A multiplexing
technique in which a transmission
capability is organized
in a priori unassigned time
slots. The time slots are
assigned to cells upon request
of each application's instantaneous
real need.
Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM)
A standardized
format for cell relay, with
53-byte cells including
a five byte header and 48
bytes of data. Also, the
layer in the protocol stack
that translates the cells
to the physical media.
AT-commands
Set of protocols that allow
mobile phones and modems
to be controlled.
AtFS
Attributed File
System: the basis of the
Shape_VC toolkit. A status
model controlling visibility
of version objects, locking,
and “long transactions”
for synchronizing concurrent
updates supports cooperative
work within projects. The
concept of object attributes
provides a basis for storing
management information with
versions and passing this
information between individual
tools. This mechanism is
useful for building integrated
environments from a set
of unrelated tools.
Athena
Project Athena:
a distributed system project
for support of educational
and research computing at
MIT. Much of the software
developed is now in wider
use, especially the X Window
System.
Atherton
Atherton Technology
developed the Software BackPlane
CASE framework. Their Atherton
Tool Integration Services
were the basis for the ATIS
standard.
ATIS
A Tools Integration
Standard: an object-oriented
interface to a set of services
that allows the saving,
accessing, and managing
of information in a common
repository. Developed by
Atherton Technology and
DEC, based on an extended
version of the Software
BackPlane, now proposed
as an industry standard.
ATK
The Andrew Toolkit
ATM
Adobe Type Manager.
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer
Mode: A transfer mode in
which the information is
organized into cells. It
is asynchronous in the sense
that the recurrence of cells
containing information from
an individual user is not
necessarily periodic.
ATM Adaptation
Layer
The layer in the
ATM protocols that represents
layers four through seven
in the OSI seven layer protocol
stack. The protocol that
turns packets into cells.
ATM Address
Defined in the
UNI Specification as 3 formats,
each having 20 bytes in
length including country,
area and end-system identifiers.
ATM Forum
A group of organizations
responsible for determining
the ATM standards and its
progress within the industry.
ATM Layer Link
A section of an
ATM Layer connection between
two adjacent active ATM
Layer entities (ATM-entities).
ATM Link
A virtual path
link (VPL) or a virtual
channel link (VCL).
ATM Peer-to-Peer
Connection
A virtual channel
connection (VCC) or a virtual
path connection (VPC).
ATM Traffic Descriptor
A generic list
of traffic parameters that
can be used to capture the
intrinsic traffic characteristics
of a requested ATM connection.
ATM User-User Connection
An association
established by the ATM Layer
to support communication
between two or more ATM
service users (i.e., between
two or more next higher
entities or between two
or more ATM-entities). The
communications over an ATM
Layer connection may be
either bidirectional or
unidirectional. The same
Virtual Channel Identifier
(VCI) issued for both directions
of a connection at an interface.
ATS
Abstract Test Suite:
A set of abstract test cases
for testing a particular
protocol. An "executable"
test suite may be derived
from an abstract test suite.
Attachment
A file included
as part of a MIME-compliant
or NeXTMail message. An
attachment can be sound,
graphics, a document file
(with text, formatting,
and/or graphics), motion
pictures, and so on.
ATTACHMENT
An attachment is a file
that accompanies an e-mail
message. While a message
is always comprised of text
characters, an attachment
can be any type of file.
Attenuation
The process of
the reduction of the power
of a signal as it passes
through most media. Usually
proportional to distance,
attenuation is sometimes
the factor that limits the
distance a signal may be
transmitted through a media
before it can no longer
be received.
Audit trail
A file or database
that contains a list of
changes made to a specific
file. The information includes
the name of the file, the
date and time of the change,
the person making the change,
and the text of the change
itself.
AUIS
Andrew user Interface
System.
Authentication
Verification of
the identity of a principal.
Authoritative
A DNS server with
all the records for a given
domain. (Note that the authorization
may not have been granted
or delegated to the DNS
server.)
Authority
The group responsible
for administering a DNS
domain.
Authorization
Verification that
a principal has sufficient
privilege to perform some
specific operation.
AutoCAD
A CAD software
package for mechanical engineering
marketed by AutoDesk Inc.
Automatic Ring
Down (ARD)
A dedicated point-to-point
voice facility between two
offices of a trading facility.
When the sender picks up
the telephone handset, automatically
ring the receiver's end
for direct connections,
without the need to dial.
Autonomous System
Internet TCP/IP
terminology for a collection
of gateway (routers) that
fall under one administrative
entity and cooperate using
common Interior Gateway
Protocol (IGP).
AUTORESPONDER
Not surprisingly, an Autoresponder
automatically responds to
anyone that sends mail to
it. These are used for a
few things, including vacation
notices and easy dissemination
of information. If you had
a vacation autoresponder
for instance, you could
turn it on when you leave,
and anyone that sends mail
to your address while you're
gone will get an immediate
response stating that you
are out of town. Businesses
use Autoresponders for getting
sale information, new product
announcements, e-mail brochures
and more out to interested
customers.
AVL
Abstract Visualization
Language in the Tecate project.
AVS
Application Visualisation
System: a portable modular
UNIX-based graphics package
supported by a consortium
of vendors including Convex,
DEC, IBM, HP, SET Technologies,
Stardent and WaveTracer
- .
AWK
A pattern scanning
and processing language
named after its authors:
Aho, Weinberger and Kernighan.
aXe
A text editor for
the X-Window-System.
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