SA
Source Address: The address from which the message or data originated.

SA
Source MAC Address: A six octet value uniquely identifying an end point and which is sent in an IEEE LAN frame header to indicate source of frame.

SA
Structured Analysis.

SAA
Systems Application Architecture: IBM's family of standard interfaces which enable software to be written independently of hardware and operating systems.

SAAL
Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer: This resides between the ATM layer and the Q.2931 function. The SAAL provides reliable transport of Q.2931 messages between Q.2931 entities (e.g., ATM switch and host) over the ATM layer; two sublayers: common part and service specific part.

Saber-C
see CodeCenter CodeCenter.

Saber-C++
see ObjectCenter ObjectCenter.

SADT
Structured Analysis and Design Technique.

SAGE
System Administrators Guild. A Special Technical Group within USENIX USENIX.

SAP
Service Access Point: A SAP is used for the following purposes:

1. When the application initiates an outgoing call to a remote ATM device, a destination_SAP specifies the ATM address of the remote device, plus further addressing that identifies the target software entity within the remote device.

2. When the application prepares to respond to incoming calls from remote ATM devices, a local_SAP specifies the ATM address of the device housing the application, plus further addressing that identifies the application within the local device.

There are several groups of SAPs that are specified as valid for Native ATM Services.

SAR
Segmentation and Reassembly: Method of breaking up arbitrarily sized packets.

SARA
Stichting Academisch Rekencentrum Amsterdam (Academic Computing Services Amsterdam)

SASD
Structured Analysis, Structured Design.

SAT:
SIM Application Toolkit is a technology that extends the capabilities of the SIM card by being programmable. It allows for personalization of the functionality of a mobile phone.

SATAN
Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks - . /SATAN

Sather
An object-oriented object-oriented programming language that is a simplified optimized variant of Eiffel Eiffel - . /Sather

SBM
Solution Based Modelling. a software development process described in the book "Developing Object-Oriented Software for the Macintosh" written by Neal Goldstein and Jeff Alger, published by Addison Wesley in 1992.

SCCP
Signaling Connection and Control Part: A SS7 protocol that provides additional functions to the Message Transfer Part (MTP). It typically supports Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP).

SCCS
See Source Code Control System (SCCS) /.

SCCS
Source Code Control System: a popular code management code-managementsystem for UNIX UNIX systems.

Schematic capture
The process of entering the logical design of an electronic circuit into a CAE CAE system by creating a schematic representation of components and interconnections.

Scheme
A dialect of Lisp Lisp.

Schlaer-Mellor
An Object-Oriented Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA) modeling method that addresses the the integration of structural and behavioral properties.

SCI
Scalable Coherent Interface, IEEE Std 1596-1992 - . /SCI

SCM
Software Configuration management Configuration-management or Source Code management Code-management.

SCO
The Santa Cruz Operation, a leading supplier of UNIX UNIX systems for systems based on Intel microprocessors. Suppliers of Xenix Xenix and Open Desktop Open-Desktop - . /SCO

SCO:
Synchronous Connection Oriented, type of data packet (may include audio).

scope
The part of a JavaScript program that a variable was declared in and is available to.

Scope
A scope defines the level of advertisement for an address. The level is a level of a peer group in the PNNI routing hierarchy.

SCOPE
Software Assessment and Certification Programme. An Esprit Esprit project - . /SCOPE

SCP
Service Control Point: A computer and database system which executes service logic programs to provide customer services through a switching system. Messages are exchanged with the SSP through the SS7 network.

SCPI
Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments: a standard complementing IEE 488 IEE-488 developed by Hewlett-Packard and promoted by the SCPI Consortium, 8380 Hercules Drive, Suite P3, La Mesa, CA 91942, USA

SCR
Sustainable Cell Rate: The SCR is an upper bound on the conforming average rate of an ATM connection over time scales which are long relative to those for which the PCR is defined. Enforcement of this bound by the UPC could allow the network to allocate sufficient resources, but less than those based on the PCR, and still ensure that the performance objectives (e.g., for Cell Loss Ratio) can be achieved.

screen editor
A text editor that deals with text an entire screen at a time. The vi and emacs programs are screen editors.

Screen Size
Official screen size is the diagonal measurement of the CRT before it is mounted in the monitor bracket; ex. 14", 15", 17", 19", 20", or 21".

screen
The TV-type thing that shows you what's going on in your computer. Also called a monitor, CRT, and VDU. Some screens can display many colors; others can do only one, usually green. Some screens can display many colors; others can do only one, usually green. Some screens can display pictures (graphics); others can do only characters.

screened twisted pair (ScTP)
A cable where the twisted pair is screened from electromagnetic interference by a thin aluminum screen. Not as effective as shielding the cable. See also shielded twisted pair (STP) /, unshielded twisted pair (UTP) /u.

ScriptX
A dynamic object-oriented object-oriented programming language and class library Class-library for multimedia multimedia from Kaleida Labs

SCSI
See Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) /.

SCSI
Small Computer Systems Interface.

SCSI
Small Computer Systems Interface. A way to connect a disk drive to a computer. A SCSI disk (pronounced "scuzzy," except in small parts of California, where-typical-they say "sexy") can connect to any SCSI compatible connector, used by many workstations, PCs, and Macs.

ScTP
See screened twisted pair (ScTP) /.

SD
Structured Design: a program design method.

SDD
Software Design Description. ANSI/IEEE 1016-1987 specifies IEEE IEEE Recommended Practice for SDD.

SDE
Software Development Environment: equivalent to SEE SEE.

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy: The ITU-TSS International standard for transmitting information over optical fiber.

SDIF
SGML SGML Document Interchange Format.

SDK:
Software Development Kit.

SDL
Specification and Design Language: defined by the CCITT CCITT (recommendation Z100) to provide a tool for unambiguous specification and description of the behaviour of telecommunications systems. The area of application also includes process control and real-time real-time applications. SDL provides a Graphic Representation (SDL/GR) and a textual Phrase Representation (SDL/PR), which are equivalent representations of the same semantics. A system is specified as a set of interconnected abstract machines which are extensions of the Finite State Machine (FSM)

SDLC
See Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) /.

SDM
Schematic Data Model.

SDP:
Service Discovery Protocol, allowing for the query of devices and services on a wireless network.

SDS
Schema Definition Set in PCTE PCTE.

SDSL
See Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) /.

SDT
Structured Data Transfer: An AAL1 data transfer mode in which data is structured into blocks which are then segmented into cells for transfer.

SDU
Service Data Unit: A unit of interface information whose identity is preserved from one end of a layer connection to the other.

SE
Software Engineering, the methods used in developing software.

SE
Switching Element: Switching Element refers to the device or network node which performs ATM switching functions based on the VPI or VPI/VCI pair.

SEA
Security Extension Architecture for the World-Wide Web WWW.

SEAL
Simple and Efficient Adapation Layer: An earlier name for AAL5.

SEARCH ENGINES -
A Search Engine is a piece of software, available to all users on the Web which allows the user to locate all related sites using a keyword search. For example a user may search for all sites with the words IDAHO and REALTY in their description. The Search Engine will return a list of all the sites that match those words.

search path
A list of directories in which Unix looks for programs.

secondary
A DNS /d server without local files (receiving information from the primary /p server via the named.xfer process); like an NIS /n slave / server.

sector
The smallest unit of physical space on a disk. Typically the smallest unit of data that is read from or written to the disk.

security group
Provide a way to organize objects /o so that an administrator who has an appropriate role /r in the group can operate on objects in the group.

SEE
Simultaneous Engineering Environment: a CAE CAE framework from DAZIX.

SEE
Software Engineering Environment: a set of management and technical tools to support software development, usually integrated in a coherent framework; equivalent to an IPSE.

Segment
A single ATM link or group of interconnected ATM links of an ATM connection.

SEI
Software Engineering Institute (Carnegie Mellon University) - . /SEI

SEL
Selector: A subfield carried in SETUP message part of ATM endpoint address Domain specific Part (DSP) defined by ISO 10589, not used for ATM network routing, used by ATM end systems only.

SEL
Software Engineering Laboratory. The Institute for Information Technology of the National Research Council Canada - . Also NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

Selector
In Smalltalk Smalltalk or Objective-C Objective-C, the syntax of a message which selects a particular method in the target object.

Self
An object oriented object-oriented programming language from Stanford, and an object oriented programming system from Sun Microsystems

Semaphore
The classic method for restricting access to data shared between several cooperating processes .

Semipermanent Connection
A connection established via a service order or via network management.

sentry
A process that monitors a variety of system activities, such as the amount of disk space available, and that can generate events or alarms based on thresholds.

SE-ODP
Support Environment for Open Distributed Processing: an ECMA ECMA standard.

SEP
A SASD SASD tool from IDE IDE.

sequence
The CORBA /c data type for implementing lists.

SERC
Software Engineering Research Center (Purdue University).

Serial
A method of communication that transfer data across a medium alone bit a time, usually adding stop, start, and check bits to ensure quality transfer.

Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
A protocol (RFC 1055) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1055.txt for connecting a host /h (such as a microcomputer) to an internet /i via a modem.

SERVER
A computer, or a software package, that provides a specific kind of service to client software running on other computers. The term can refer to a particular piece of software, such as a WWW server, or to the machine on which the software is running, e.g. 'Our mail server is down today, that’s why e-mail isn’t getting out.' A single server machine could have several different server software packages running on it, thus, providing many different servers to clients on the network.

SERVER -
A Host machine. A server provides two roles, those are; a) Providing connectivity to the Internet, and b) Passing files from it's hard drive to someone requesting them. In effect, serving files.

Server
A computer which, by means of network connections, carries out parts of a computing task on behalf of one or more remote computers.

Server
A host on the internet which serves (HTML) documents, which implies that this computer would typically be running an HTTP daemon.

server
A process that fulfills a request issued by a client process and transmits a response back to the client /c.

server skeleton
Unmarshals the data associated with a request for presentation to a method, and marshals the data returned.

service level agreement (SLA)
An agreement from one party to provide a specified level of service, typically involving a maximum-allowed response time or guarantee of service being available for a minimum time, to another party. Service level agreements are part of any vendor maintenance contract.

SES
Severely Errored Seconds: A unit used to specify the error performance of T carrier systems. This indicates a second containing ten or more errors, usually expressed as SES per hour, day, or week. This method gives a better indication of the distribution of bit errors than a simple Bit Error Rate (BER). Refer also to EFS.

SES
Source End Station: An ATM termination point, which is the source of ATM messages of a connection, and is used as a reference point for ABR services. Refer to DES.

SES/workbench
An iconic simulation and design tool, linked to some of the major CASE CASE systems now available or in development.

Session Layer
The layer of the OSI model dedicated to maintaining a bi-directional communication connection between two computers. The Session layer uses the services of the Transport layer to provide this service.

Session:
In the context of a wireless transmission, a session is the series of exchanges of information or data that exists between two programs (typically one on the server and one on the client).

SET
Standard d'Echange et de Transfert: a French standard for exchange of CAD CAD data.

SET:
Secure Electronic Transaction is a standard for credit card payments across networks.

Setext
A markup Markupscheme intended for documents that are both human- and computer-readable -

SF SuperFrame: A DS1 framing format in which 24 DS0 timeslots plus a coded framing bit are organized into a frame which is repeated 12 times to form the superframe.

SFA
Software Frameworks framework Association - . /SFA

SGI
Silicon Graphics Incorporated, a vendor of graphical workstations and software

SGML Open
A non-profit, international consortium of providers of products and services, dedicated to accelerating the further adoption, application, and implementation of SGML

SGML
See Standardized General Markup Language (SGML) /.

SGML
Standard Generalised Markup Language (ISO ISO 8879). A generic markup generic-markup language for representing documents. SGML is a system for defining structured document types, and markup languages to represent instances of those document types - . /SGML

Shape_VC
A code management code-managementsystem which offers version control functionality similar to systems like RCS RCS or SCCS SCCS with some extensions and a more UNIX UNIX-like command interface.

ShapeTools
A code management code-managementsystem for UNIX UNIX from TU Berlin.

Shaping Descriptor
N ordered pairs of GCRA parameters (I,L) used to define the negotiated traffic shape of a connection.

shar message
An electronic mail message that contains shell script, which, when you run it, re-creates one or more files. This is a clever way to send files through electronic mail.

SHARE
An international users group of IBM and compatible hardware and software

Shelf
A public library of classes for the Eiffel language.

shell
A Unix program that listens for commands you type and tries to execute them. There are several Unix shells, including the Bourne shell, Korn shell, and C shell.

shell script
A file that contains a list of Unix shell commands. You can run a shell script, thereby telling Unix to execute every command in the list.

Shell Script
A program written to be interpreted by the shell of an operating system, especially UNIX UNIX.

Shell
The outer part of an operating system, especially UNIX UNIX, which provides the user interface, as opposed to the kernel which provides the basic services to processes. The commonest UNIX shells are the c shell c-shell(csh) and the Bourne shell (sh) Bourne-shell.

Shen
A security scheme for WWW -

shielded twisted pair (STP)
A cable where the twisted pair is shielded from electromagnetic interference. See also unshielded twisted pair (UTP) /u.

SHIFT
Scalable Heterogeneous Integrated Facility Testbed. A parallel processing project at CERN /.

SI:
Service Indication (see also under WAPSI)

SICL
Standard Instrument Control Library: a platform-independent API API for software to control and test electronic instruments conforming to IEE 488 IEE-488

SICS
Swedish Institute for Computer Science - . gopher://brahma.sics.se/

SIGhyper
Special Interest Group on Hypertext and Multimedia of the SGML SGML Users' Group - . /SIGhyper

SIGNATURE -
A small piece of text which is automatically appended to an email. (Also called a Sig or a Tag file)

SIM Card:
Subscriber Identity Module found in a mobile phone that stores authentication information and the GSM encryption algorithms that mobile phones need for connecting and securing a call over a GSM network.

SIMD
Single Instruction Multiple Data: a form of parallelism in multiprocessor computing where there is a single instruction stream (programs) operating concurrently on several data streams.

SIMEX
A set of C++ C++ classes from the University of Minnesota, that provides a framework for building discrete event simulation models - . /SIMEX

SIMM
See Single In-line Memory Module (SIMM) /.

SIMON
System of Internet Internet Mapping for Organised Navigation - .

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
The base protocol (RFC 821) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc821.txt for exchanging electronic mail over a network. See also Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP) /e, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) /m, NeXTMail /n.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
A base protocol (RFC 1157) ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1157.txt for monitoring and managing hosts on a network. See also Management Information Base (MIB) /m.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
A management protocol used on many networks, particularly TCP/IP. It defines the type, format, and retrieval of node management information.

Simplex
Data Transmission in one direction only.

Simscript
A free-form, English-like general-purpose simulation language. SIMSCRIPT II.5 from CACI CACI has evolved from the original work on SIMSCRIPT by H.Markowitz.

SIMULA
A program based on Algol 60 with extensions for simulation, which was a precursor of the object-oriented object-oriented approach.

Single Inheritance
The property of an object-oriented object-oriented language which restricts a sub-class to be derived from only one parent.

Single In-line Memory Module (SIMM)
A small plug-in card containing memory chips for a workstation or personal computer.

SIPP
SMDS Interface Protocol: Protocol where layer 2 is based on ATM, AAL and DQDB. Layer 1 is DS1 and DS3.

Sisal
Streams and Iterations in a Single-Assignment Language. A general-purpose functional language functional-language from CWI CWI.

skeleton
The ORB /o component which assists an object adapter in passing requests to particular methods. It is specific to an object and an interface.

SL:
Service Loading.

SLA
See service level agreement (SLA) /.

slash
The / character Unix uses in path names. A / by itself, or at the beginning of a pathname, means the root directory of the file system. Slashes are used also between one directory name and the next, and between the directory name and the filename in long path names.

slave
The secondary NIS /n servers / in an NIS domain /d.

SLIP -
Serial Link Internet Protocol. SLIP is a simulation of TCP/IP, except that instead of actual computer networking hardware on one of the computers, it connects to the network via a serial link, typically using a modem.

Slip (Serial Line Internet Protocol)
A protocol that permits the sending of IP packets on a dial-up (serial) connection. SLIP does not support compression or IP address negotiation by itself.

SLIP
See Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) /.

SLIP
Serial Line IP IP.

SMA
Software Maintenance Association.

Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
Pronounced "scuzzy," SCSI is a parallel interface standard used by Apple Macintosh computers, PCs, and many Unix systems for attaching peripheral devices to computers. SCSI interfaces provide for faster data transmission rates (up to 80 megabytes per second) than standard serial and parallel ports. In addition, you can attach many devices to a single SCSI port, so that SCSI is really an I/O bus rather than simply an interface.

Smalltalk
A pioneering object-oriented object-oriented programming system developed at the Xerox Palo Alto research centre. It includes a language (usually interpreted), a programming environment, and an extensive object library - . /Smalltalk

Smartcards:
can be viewed as SIM cards with an integrated microprocessor. These are able to provide the user with extended capabilities in the form of “card-based” applications.

Smartphone:
Mobile phone with extended capabilities (such as display, or keyboard) and functionalities ( for example, e-mail, fax)

SMCC
Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation

SMDL
Standard Music Description Language, based on HyTime HyTime

SMDS
Switched Multi-Megabit Data Services: A connectionless service used to connect LANs, MANs and WANs to exchange data.

SMF
Single Mode Fiber: Fiber optic cable in which the signal or light propagates in a single mode or path. Since all light follows the same path or travels the same distance, a transmitted pulse is not dispersed and does not interfere with adjacent pulses. SMF fibers can support longer distances and are limited mainly by the amount of attenuation. Refer to MMF.

SMG
Screen Management Guidelines - a VMS VMS package of run-time library routines providing windows on VT100 terminals.

SML
Standard ML ML: a functional language functional-language.

SML/NJ
Standard ML of New Jersey.

SMPP:
Short Message Peer to Peer.

SMS:
Short Messaging Service is a technology for the transmission of text messages to and from mobile phones. It allows for up to 160 alphanumeric characters. This technology is best used for pushing information from one-to-one or one-to-few.

SMSC:
Short essage Service Center.

SMSL
Standard Multimedia Scripting Language

SMTP -
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. One of the protocols used by your server to send/receive email.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol)
The Internet electronic mail protocol. Define in RFC 821, with associated message format description in RFC 822.

SMTP
See Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) /.

SMTP
SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL

SN
cell Sequence Number Cell: A cell sent periodically on each link of an AIMUX to indicate how many cells have been transmitted since the previous SN cell. These cells are used to verify the sequence of payload cells reassembled at the receiver.

SN
Sequence Number: SN is a 4 octet field in a Resource Management cell defined by the ITU-T in recommendation I.371 to sequence such cells. It is not used for ATM Forum ABR. An ATM switch will either preserve this field or set it in accordance with I.371.

SNA
See Synchronous Network Architecture (SNA) /.

SNA
Systems Network Architecture - IBM's networking standard.

SNA
Systems Network Architecture: IBM's seven layer, vendor specific architecture for data communications

SNADS
See Synchronous Network Architecture Distribution Services (SNADS) /.

SNAIL MAIL -
"Snail mail" is a mocking term e-mail users employ to describe traditional postal mail. It refers specifically to the relatively great length of time it takes a postal carrier to move a letter from sender to recipient.

snail-mail
A mail system in which you print the message you want to send to another person, address a paper envelope of the correct size to fit the paper, insert the paper in the envelope, close the envelope, find a postage stamp, and place the entire thing in a U.S mail box. Many Unix users find electronic mail simpler, faster, and more convenient.

SNC
Sub network Connection: In the context of ATM, an entity that passes ATM cells transparently, (i.e., without adding any overhead). A SNC may be either a stand-alone SNC, or a concatenation of SNCs and link connections.

Sniff
A C++/C programming environment providing browsing, cross-referencing, design visualization, documentation, and editing support. Developed by UBS Switzerland and marketed by takeFive Salzburg. (See also SNiFF+ )

SNMP
See Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) /.

SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol: Originally designed for the Department of Defense network to support TCP/IP network management. It has been widely implemented to support the management of a broad range of network products and functions. SNMP is the IETF standard management protocol for TCP/IP networks.

SNOBOL
String Oriented Symbolic Language. A language from the 1960s for string manipluation.

soft link
A link that contains the name of another file, which may be on another file system. A soft link makes it look as though the file that might be on another file system is in a directory on your own file system. Also called a symbolic link. See the section "when you want to find files on other machines."

SoftBench
An IPSE IPSE from Hewlett-Packard.

Softlab
A software engineering company strong in UK and Germany.

software
A set of instructions (also called programs) that tell a computer to do something. In contrast to hardware, which includes the physical components of your computer, software is composed of information on a disk (or tape, or whatever).

Software AG
SE company from FRG.

Software BackPlane
A CASE framework CASE-framework from Atherton Atherton.

Software bus
A support environment for heterogeneous distributed processing, such as the ANSA ANSA Testbench.

Software Engineering
A systematic approach to the analysis, design, implementation and maintenance of software. It usually involves the use of CASE tools CASE-tools. There are various models of the software life-cycle, and many methodologies for the different phases.

Software Metrics
Measures of software quality which indicate the complexity, understandability, testability, description and intricacy of code.

Software through Pictures
see StP StP.

SOIF
Summary Object Interchange Format in the Harvest Harvest system.

solaris
A version of Unix, based initially on BSD Unix and later on system V Release 4, distributed by Sun for use on Sun workstations and 486 PCs.

SOM
System Object Model. An implementation of CORBA CORBAby IBM - . /CIL

SOMA
Semantic Object Modelling Approach. An Object-Oriented Object-Oriented analysis and design approach - . /2GOO

SONET
See Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) /.

SONET
Synchronous Optical Network: An ANSI standard for transmitting information over optical fiber. This standard is used or accepted in the United States and Canada and is a variation of the SDH International standard.

Source Code Control System (SCCS)
A suite of utilities to administrate source code such that only one person can change any given file at any given instant. Provides audit trails /a.

Source Route
As used in this document, a hierarchically complete source route.

Source Traffic
A set of traffic parameters belonging to the ATM Traffic Descriptor Descriptor used during the connection set-up to capture the intrinsic traffic characteristics of the connection requested by the source.

SPAM -
Spam is unwanted e-mail, typically sent unsolicited to large numbers of recipients. Most typically, spam is created and sent by companies seeking to increase their business through the use of bulk e-mail programs, but spam can also be sent by an individual.

SPAM
"SPAM" mail is the practice of sending massive amounts of e-mail promotions or advertisements (and scams) to people that have not asked for it. Spam mail is controversial and there are many levels of definitions for it. Many times, spam e-mail lists are created by "harvesting" e-mail addresses from discussion boards and groups, chat rooms, IRC, and web pages. Pugmarks strictly prohibits sending spam from accounts on our servers.

spam
The historical term for electronic junk mail, or unwanted messages in email /m or USENET News /u. See also Unsolicited Commercial Email (UCE) /u.

SPARC
see ANSI/SPARC Architecture ANSI/SPARC-Architecture.

Sparcstation
A family of workstations from Sun .

SPC
Software Productivity Centre. A non-profit organization based in Vancouver, BC, Canada with the mandate to assist software developers to improve their software engineering process - . /SPC

SPDL
Standard Page Description Language Page-Description-Language: a draft within the ODA ODA standard.

SPE
SONET Synchronous Payload Envelope.

SPEC
Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation. Formed to establish, maintain and endorse a standardized set of relevant benchmarks Benchmark that can be applied to the newest generation of high-performance computers

Specific markup
In computerised document preparation, a method of adding formatting commands to the text to control layout, such as new line, new page, center text etc. (see Generic markup Generic-markup).

SPI
Software Process Improvement.

SPIN
Software Process Improvement Network. Local interest groups sponsored by SEI SEI.

Split System
A switching system which implements the functions of more than one logical node.

Spreadsheet
A type of application which manipulates data in rows and columns of cells. The value in a cell is calculated by a formula which can involve other cells. Popular in commercial applications.

Spring
A distributed object-oriented object-oriented operating system from Sun

Sprite
An operating system from Berkeley supporting multiprocessing and distributed files.

SPT
Software Process Technology.

SPTS
Single Program Transport Stream: An MPEG-2 Transport Stream that consists of only one program.

SQA
Software Quality Assurance.

SQL
See Structured Query Language (SQL) /.

SQL
Structured Query Language: ISO ISO, ANSI ANSI standard user front end to a relational database management system.

SQL/DS
A database package from IBM including a relational DBMS.

SQL2
An extended version of the SQL SQL standard.

SR
Source Routing: A bridged method whereby the source at a data exchange determines the route that subsequent frames will use.

SRF
Specifically Routed Frame: A Source Routing Bridging Frame which uses a specific route between the source and destination.

SRI
Stanford Research Institute.

SRT
Source Routing Transparent: An IETF Bridging Standard combining Transparent Bridging and Source Route Bridging.

SRTS
Synchronous residual Time Stamp: A clock recovery technique in which difference signals between source timing and a network reference timing signal are transmitted to allow reconstruction of the source timing at the destination.

SS7
Signal System Number 7: A family of signaling protocols originating from narrowband telephony. They are used to set-up, manage and tear down connections as well as to exchange non-connection associated information. Refer to BISUP, MTP, SCCP and TCAP.

SSADM
A software engineering method and toolset required by some UK government agencies.

SSCF
Service Specific Coordination Function: SSCF is a function defined in Q.2130, B-ISDN Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer-Service Specific Coordination Function for Support of Signaling at the User-to- Network Interface.

SSCOP
Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol: An adaptation layer protocol defined in ITU-T Specification: Q.2110.

SSCS
Service Specific Convergence Sublayer: The portion of the convergence sublayer that is dependent upon the type of traffic that is being converted.

SSII
Societe de Service en Ingenierie Informatique.

SSL
Secure Sockets Layer. A scheme for secure WWW communications

SSL:
Secure Socket Layer.

stack
A last in, first out data structure. See also queue /q.

staging
The process of configuring a host to a known state (for example, from tape or a preconfigured host), to speed up the configuration process.

Standardized General Markup Language (SGML)
A generalized format for marking up documents, originally created by the United States government. One of the more common subsets of SGML is HyperText Markup Language (HTML) /h.

Standards
Although boring, standards are necessary for interworking, portability and reusability. They may be de facto standards for various communities, or officially recognised national or international standards. Some important bodies concerned in one way or another with Software standards are ISO ISO, ANSI ANSI, DoD DoD, ECMA ECMA, IEEE IEEE, IETF IETF, OSF OSF - . /Standards

StarBurst
An active DBMS active-DBMS from IBM Almaden Research Center.

STARS
Software Technology for Adaptable Reliable Systems. A DARPA DARPA project

Start Bit
A bit that is sent as part of a serial communication stream to signal the beginning of a byte or packet.

STAS
Scientific and Technical Attribute and element Set. Defines standard identifiers for referring to searchable fields in scientific databases.

state database
A database containing the state of each metadevice, stored in a dedicated (and non-metadevice) disk partition. See also Disk Suite /d.

State Diagram
see State Transition Diagram.

State transition diagram
A diagram consisting of circles to represent states and directed line segments to represent transitions between the states. One or more actions may be associated with each transition. The diagrom represents a Finite State Machine.

statement
A single line of a script or program.

STC
System Time Clock: The master clock in an MPEG-2 encoder or decoder system.

STD
State Transition Diagram State-Transition-Diagram.

STDWIN
A windowing interface from CWI CWI with windows, menus, modal dialogs, mouse and keyboard input, scroll bars, drawing primitives, etc that is portable between platforms. STDWIN is available for Macintosh and the X Window System X-Window-System.

STE
SONET Section Terminating Equipment: SONET equipment that terminates a section of a link between a transmitter and repeater, repeater and repeater, or repeater and receiver. This is usually implemented in wide area facilities and not implemented by SONET Lite.

STE
Spanning Tree Explorer: A Source Route Bridging frame which uses the Spanning Tree algorithm in determining a route.

STEP
Standard for the exchange of product model data: a draft ISO standard for the exchange of CAD data.

StepStone
Corporation founded by Brad Cox, responsible for Objective-C Objective-C.

STL
Semantic Transfer Language. IEEE 1175: IEEE Trial-Use Standard Reference Model for Computing System Tool Interconnections.

STL
Standard Template Library for C++ C++ - . /STL

STM
Synchronous Transfer Module: STM is a basic building block used for a synchronous multiplexing hierarchy defined by the CCITT/ITU-T. STM-1 operates at a rate of 155.52 Mbps (same as STS-3).

STM-1
Synchronous Transport Module 1: SDH standard for transmission over OC-3 optical fiber at 155.52 Mbps.

STM-n
Synchronous Transport Module "n" : (where n is an integer) SDH standards for transmission over optical fiber (OC-'n x 3) by multiplexing "n" STM-1 frames, (e.g., STM-4 at 622.08 Mbps and STM-16 at 2.488 Gbps).

STM-nc
Synchronous Transport Module "n" concatenated: (where n is an integer) SDH standards for transmission over optical fiber (OC-'n x 3) by multiplexing "n" STM-1 frames, (e.g., STM-4 at 622.08 Mbps and STM-16 at 2.488 Gbps, but treating the information fields as a single concatenated payload).

STONE
A Structured and Open Environment: a project supported by the German Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT) to design, implement and distribute a SEE SEE for research and teaching.

Stop Bit
A bit that is sent as part of a serial communication stream to signal the end of a byte or packet.

Storage Area Network (SAN)
A network where a small number of computers share a large amount of data, usually within a single server room, where performance is critical. Examples of SAN protocols include Fiber Channel /f and the Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) /.

STP
See shielded twisted pair (STP) /.

STP
Shielded Twisted Pair: A cable containing one or more twisted pair wires with each pair having a shield of foil wrap.

STP
Signaling Transfer Point: A high speed, reliable, special purpose packet switch for signaling messages in the SS7 network.

StP
Software through Pictures: a set of CASE tools CASE-tools from IDE IDE - . /PTTOOL/Stp/Tool

Strand
A concurrent programming language from Strand Software Technologies Limited.

string
A group of text characters that can be stored in a variable.

stripe
A method of writing data to multiple disks, interleaving blocks on different disks to increase performance. (Performance increases generally require multiple disk controllers.) A logical grouping of multiple physical disk partitions. See also concatenated stripe /c, Disk Suite /d.

stripe width
The width of, or number of partitions in, a stripe /.

Struct
A data type in C corresponding to a record in Ada Ada or Pascal Pascal.

Structured analysis
One of a number of requirements analysis methods used in software engineering.

Structured design
One of a number of systematic top-down design techniques used in software engineering, usually after structured analysis.

Structured Query Language (SQL)
An industry-standard language for performing queries against a database.

STS-1
Synchronous Transport Signal 1: SONET standard for transmission over OC-1 optical fiber at 51.84 Mbps.

STS-n
Synchronous Transport Signal "n" : (where n is an integer) SONET standards for transmission over OC-n optical fiber by multiplexing "n" STS-1 frames, (e.g., STS-3 at 155.52 Mbps STS-12 at 622.08 Mbps and STS-48 at 2.488 Gbps).

STS-nc
Synchronous Transport Signal "n" concatenated: (where n is an integer) SONET standards for transmission over OC-n optical fiber by multiplexing "n" STS-1 frames, (e.g., STS-3 at 155.52 Mbps STS-12 at 622.08 Mbps and STS-48 at 2.488 Gbps but treating the information fields as a single concatenated payload).

stub
A local procedure corresponding to a single operation that invokes that operation when called.

Sublanguage
One of the languages associated with a DBMS DBMS, for example data-definition language data-definition-language or query language query-language.

Sublayer
A logical sub-division of a layer.

submirror
A metadevice attached to a mirror /m.

subnet
A group of machines that share information and resources. A subsection of a network /n.

Subnet Mask
Under TCP, 32-bit values that allow the recipient of IP packets to distinguish the network ID portion of the IP address from the host ID.

Subnet
The use of the term subnet to mean a LAN technology is a historical use and is not specific enough in the MPOA work. Refer to Internetwork Address Sub-Group, Direct Set, Host Apparent Address Sub-Group and One Hop Set for more specific definitions.

Subnetwork
A collection of managed entities grouped together from a connectivity perspective, according to their ability to transport ATM cells.

subNMS
Subnetwork Management System: A Network Management System that is managing one or more subnetworks and that is managed by one or more Network Management Systems.

subscription
Registering resources to a group, so that operations on a group are applied to all subscribers.

Summary Address
An address prefix that tells a node how to summarize reachability information.

Sun Remote Procedure Call (SUNRPC)
The Remote Procedure Call (RPC) /r structure developed by Sun for communication between clients /c and servers /. For example, NetInfo /n uses RPC to communicate.

Sun
Sun Microsystems, a US workstation manufacturer with manufacturing capacity in Europe.

SunOS
The version of UNIX UNIX running on Sun workstations.

SUNRPC
See Sun Remote Procedure Call (SUNRPC) /.

SunView
A windowing system from Sun Microsystems, superseded by NeWS NeWS.

superblock
A special reserved block on disk that contains the detailed structure of the file system /f, including the block /b size, frag /f size, and inode /i tables.

Superclass
The class class from which another class inherits (see Inheritance inheritance).

superuser
The user name (known also as root) with which you can do all sorts of dangerous things to the system, including creating new user names and installing new hardware and software. With luck, you don't know the password for the superuser. If you do, use it carefully. The system administrator really should be the only person who logs in as the superuser.

SURFER
A "surfer" is a colloquialism for a person browsing the web.

SURFING -
The process of reading web pages and moving from one web site to another.

SUT
System Under Test: The real open system in which the Implementation Under Test (IUT) resides.

SVC
See Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC) /.

SVC
Switched Virtual Circuit: A connection established via signaling. The user defines the endpoints when the call is initiated.

SVCC
Switched Virtual Channel Connection: A Switched VCC is one which is established and taken down dynamically through control signaling. A Virtual Channel Connection (VCC) is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI/VCI fields of each cell.

SVE
SAP Vector Element: The SAP address may be expressed as a vector, (ATM_addr, ATM_selector, BLLI_id2, BLLI_id3, BHLI_id), where:

· ATM_addr corresponds to the 19 most significant octets of a device's 20-octet ATM address (private ATM address structure) or the entire E.164 address (E.164 address structure)

· ATM_selector corresponds to the least significant octet of a device's 20-octet ATM address (private ATM address structure only)

· BLLI_id2 corresponds to an octet in the Q.2931 BLLI information element that identifies a layer 2 protocol

· BLLI_id3 corresponds to a set of octets in the Q.2931 BLLI information element that identify a layer 3 protocol

· BHLI_id corresponds to a set of octets in the Q.2931 BHLI information element that identify an application (or session layer protocol of an application)

Each element of the SAP vector is called a SAP Vector Element, or SVE. Each SVE consists of a tag, length, and value field.

SVID
System V Interface Definition: allowing source code portability between different platforms running UNIX UNIX System V System-V.

SVPC
Switched Virtual Path Connection: A Switched Virtual Path Connection is one which is established and taken down dynamically through control signaling. A Virtual Path Connection (VPC) is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI field only of each cell.

SVR4
Release 4 (the latest major version) of Unix System V. Contains more features than any six people would ever want to use. The latest release of SRV4.2 which is even more feature-packed than the original version of SVR4.

SWEDAC MPRII Standard

Switch
Network hardware that routes packets /p or cells /c (either ATM /a or voice) based on the address of the virtual circuit.

Switched Connection
A connection established via signaling.

Switched Line
A communications link for which the physical path may vary with each usage, such as the public telephone network.

Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC)
A virtual circuit in an ATM /a network established dynamically via software.

Switching System
A set of one or more systems that act together and appear as a single switch for the purposes of PNNI routing.

SWOT
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats commercial product analysis.

Sybase
A relational DBMS DBMS vendor.

Symbian:
Joint Venture between Psion, Motorala, Nokia, Ericsson and Matsushita, formed to develop and promote the use of the EPOC operating system for W=wireless devices.

Symbolic link See soft link.

Symmetric Connection A connection with the same bandwidth value specified for both directions.

Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL)
A symmetric high-speed digital network connection, usually between a home or small business and a telecommunications vendor, providing an always-up direct connection to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) /i. The upstream (from the user to the ISP) and downstream (from the ISP to the user) speeds are identical. See also Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) /a, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) /d.

Synchronization:
the act of updating data between different devices.

Synchronous
Pertaining to two or more processes that depend upon the occurrence of a specific event, such as a common timing signal.

Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC)
A data protocol spoken between the DISSOS /d mail system on the IBM /i 3090 mainframe and the Enterprise Mail Exchange (EMX) /e unit.

Synchronous
Network Architecture (SNA) IBM's /i network architecture.

Synchronous Network Architecture Distribution Services (SNADS)
The distribution protocol, handling delivery and verification, for Synchronous Network Architecture (SNA) /.

Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
An ANSI /a standard to connect telephone switches at 155 Mb/s speeds (OC3).

Sysadmin See system administrator /.

System administrator
The godlike being who keeps your system running. Responsible for everything involving your system and the network it's on, including but not limited to managing your account (creation, modification, closure, deletion), your workstation, your subnet, your routers, the system-wide hosts table, the mail subsystem, all mail aliases and groups, keeping time synchronized across the network, the news subsystem, the printer subsystem, any applications you use--basically, the person who keeps everything working smoothly and seamlessly.

System V
A version of Unix developed and distributed originally by AT&T and later by Unix System Labs, which is now part of Novell.

System V One of the two major versions of the UNIX UNIX system, due to AT&T. (see BSD BSD).